江苏2018年高考英语专题复习命题规律探究+题组分层精练专题十四词义猜测课件.pptx

1、专题十四 词义猜测,高考英语 (江苏省专用),A组自主命题江苏卷题组 Passage 1(2017江苏,D)词数:690 Old Problem, New Approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face th

2、e challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation. When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly

3、 shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no one-size fits all adaptation.”Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost. Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especiall

4、y in some poor countries. Floods,五年高考,have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with s

5、olar panels and other communi-cating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and high-ways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

6、 Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a moun-tainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in t

7、he rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) wa-ter.

8、 Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warm-ing will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be,able

9、 to find other means of adapting. Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, tempera

10、tures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process. In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the

11、 entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”. More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend

12、 of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like thiseither by growing new produce, or by g

13、rowing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting,industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. Human beings

14、 will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others. 1.The underlined

15、 part in Paragraph 2 implies . A.adaptation is an ever-changing process B.the cost of adaptation varies with time C.global warming affects adaptation forms D.adaptation to climate change is challenging 2.What is special with regard to Rezwans project? A.The project receives government support. B.Dif

16、ferent organizations work with each other. C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation. D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.,3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming? A.Storing ice for future use.B.Protecting the glaciers from melting. C.Changing the ir

17、rigation time.D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers. 4.What do we learn from the Peru example? A.White paint is usually safe for buildings. B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped. C.This country is heating up too quickly. D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. 5.According to the

18、author, polluting industries should . A.adapt to carbon pollutionB.plant highly profitable crops C.leave carbon emission aloneD.fight against carbon pollution 6.Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming? A.Setting up a new standard.B.Reducing carbon emission. C.Adapting to climate chang

19、e.D.Monitoring polluting industries.,答案 语篇解读本文为议论文,题材为环境问题类。话题为“老问题,新方法”适应我们所面临的严峻的气候环境,而且要意识到环境的改变和适应环境是一个过程。 1.A词义猜测题。根据第二段主题句 When it comes to adaptation,it is important to understand that climate change is a process. 可知气候的改变是一个不断变化的过程。再结合后面几段给出的事例可知,适应也是一个不断变化的过程,由此可推断出画线部分意为adaptation is an eve

20、r-changing process,故答案为A项。 2.C推理判断题。根据第三段第三句Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw on-ly disaster.及后面的描述可知他的非营利组织在充分利用糟糕的环境,故正确答案为C项。本题干扰项为D项,由第三段第五句Rezwan is creating floating connectivity to replace flooded roads and highways.可知D项错误。,3.A细节理解题。根据第四段第六句He directed the wasted water into sha

21、llow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.可知A项正确。 4.D推理判断题。根据第六段首句In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the l

22、ife-giving ice.可推断出答案为D。 5.D观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.可推知D项为正确答案。 6.B推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句But the most sensible form of adaptation

23、is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.可知最明智的适应应该是改变我们的能量体系以减少碳排放污染,故B项正确。,长难句原句:When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollu-tion and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. 分析

24、:本句为复合句。when引导的时间状语从句中,that引导的宾语从句作动词argue的宾语;its a nonsense.为主句,其中designed为过去分词作后置定语修饰名词nonsense。 译文:当污染企业辩解说我们已经在控制碳污染的战斗中失败并且别无选择只好适应它时,这是惯用的为了商业利益而设计好的胡说八道的伎俩。 重点词汇adaptation n.适应adapt to适应fundamental adj.基本的,根本的,Passage 2(2014江苏,B)词数:399 However wealthy we may be,we can never find enough hours

25、in the day to do everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost,which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else. Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be d

26、oing another,or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity costnamely,what they cost us in missed opportunities. Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not,

27、you might reason,watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends?Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity cost. For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgoin terms of money and enjoymentin order to take it

28、up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-informed,more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all:theres no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers,to take you out to lunch for free,the time

29、you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities. Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging:imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoya

30、ble.Yet,in a sense its human nature to do precisely thatwe assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time. In the business world,a popular phrase is “value for money.”People want their cash to go as far as possible.However,another is fast obtaining an advantage:“value for time.”Th

31、e biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something,so we look to maximize the re-turn we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities,such as sleeping and eating.In retur

32、n,however,this pas-sage will help you to think like an economist,closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions. 1.According to the passage,the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to. A.making more money,B.taking more opportunities C.reducing missed opportunities D.weighing

33、the choice of opportunities 2.The “leftover.time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time. A.spared for watching the match at home B.taken to have dinner with friends C.spent on the way to and from the match D.saved from not going to watch the match 3.What are forgone opportunities? A.Opportuniti

34、es you forget in decision-making. B.Opportunities you give up for better ones. C.Opportunities you miss accidentally. D.Opportunities you make up for.,答案 语篇解读本文属于说明文,题材为技巧指导。文章主要介绍了如何更好地支配自己的时间和金钱,以及如何在作决定时考虑花费的机会成本。 1.D推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity

35、 cost.可知,opportunity cost的意思就是对你金钱和时间的其他用法。由此可推断opportunity cost和“对机会选择的权衡”有关。故选D项。 2.C词义猜测题。上文提到你打算去体育场观看一场足球比赛,但门票太昂贵,而且从家到体育场的往返时间要花费几个小时。然后提到“为什么不在家里看比赛,而把剩余的金钱和时间用来和朋友共进晚餐呢?”由此可推断“leftover.time”指的就是从家到体育场的往返时间。故选C项。 3.B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句.the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you so

36、mething in terms of forgone opportunities.可知,即使有人带你出去享用免费的午餐,而从forgone opportunities的角度来看你却要付出花费时间的代价。再结合第二句By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-informed,more reasonable decisions.可知,通过准确了解你会得到什么和你会错失什么获利的机会,你应该 能够作出更明智的选择。由此

37、可推断forgone opportunities指的就是那些为了获得更好的机会而放弃的机会。故选B项。,高级语块1.miss out on 错过失去的好机会 2.in terms of 就而言,在方面 3.in a sense从某种意义上说,长难句The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to some-thing,so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. 我们资源上最大的限制是我们可以投

38、入在某事上的时间,因此我们期盼我们能从时间投资上得到最大的回报。 整个句子是so连接的并列句。前一分句中we can devote to something为定语从句,修饰hours。后一分句中we get on our investment of time也是定语从句,修饰the return。,B组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组 Passage 1(2017课标全国,C)词数:291 After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves

39、 were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf popu-lation had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental U-nited States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.

40、By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(来源)for the wolfgrew rapid

41、ly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被),which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers. As early as 1966, biologist

42、s asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers,opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming u

43、p with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have

44、 made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 1.What is the text mainly about? A.Wildlife research in the United States. B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C.The con

45、flict between farmers and gray wolves. D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 2.What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean? A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forced out.D.Tracked down.,3.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A.Damage to local ecology. B.A decline

46、in the parks income. C.Preservation of vegetation. D.An increase in the variety of animals. 4.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.,答案 语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是,经过多年的激烈争论之后,灰狼又回到了黄石国家公园。 1.D主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句为文章的主题句,文章围绕其展开,讲述的就是

47、黄石国家公园再次引入灰狼这件事,故答案选D。 2.C词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句和第二句可知,答案选C。灰狼曾经在黄石地区随处可见,可后来由于人类的发展,该种群被渐渐驱离这里。 3.A推理判断题。根据第三段可以推断灰狼的消失对生态造成了破坏。 4.B推理判断题。由文章最后一段最后一句话中的a valuable experiment可知,作者觉得这个项目很有价值,说明作者的态度是积极的。 重点词汇consume v.消耗;吃oppose v.反对reintroduce v.重新引入,Passage 2(2017课标全国,D)词数:311 A build-it-yourself solar sti

48、ll(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible

49、to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a w

50、orking still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the

51、 rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be cen

52、tered directly over, and no more than three inch-,es above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full,

53、you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 1.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A.Its delicate.B.Its expensive. C.Its complex.D.Its portable. 2.What does the underlined phrase “the water

54、 catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.The tube.B.The still.C.The hole.D.The cup. 3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A.Dig a hole of a certain size.B.Put the cup in place. C.Weight the sheets center down.D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 4.When a solar still works, dr

55、ops of water come into the cup from. A.the plastic tubeB.outside the hole C.the open airD.beneath the sheet,答案 语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为科普实验类。文章具体描述了利用自制太阳能蒸馏器获取饮用水的方法。 1.D细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句,尤其是尾句These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知该装置是可折叠的、便携的(portable),故答案为D项。 2.B词义猜测题

56、。根据第二段前两句可知,画线短语指代的是该段首句中的a working still,故答案为B项。 3.C细节理解题。根据第二、三段可知四个选项正确的顺序是ABDC,故答案为C项。 4.D细节理解题。根据尾段前两句可知该装置是利用蒸发到塑料薄片上的水分凝聚成水滴,最后滴落到杯子中,故答案为D项。,长难句 原句:Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. 分析:本句为复合句。主

57、句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。in place在恰当的地方;all the way自始至终。 译文:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到所挖坑的外部。 重点词汇substitute n.代用品component n.零件,构成要素;成分productivity n.生产力;生产效率secure v.把弄牢fall off into落入,注入,Passage 3(2017课标全国,B)词数:289 I first met Paul Newman in 1968, whe

58、n George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sun-dance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the filmit want-ed somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or

59、 the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen. We shared the b