第21讲_阅读理解1.ppt

1、df,2012年 高考总复习英语,df,第21讲 阅读理解,命题原则与要求 解题技巧 考点突破,（一）阅读总量不少于1000个单词，设问共20个小题，总用词量逐年增加，阅读速度每分钟至少要50个以上单词，而且理解准确率应在80%以上。,（二）题材尽量多样化，包括日常生活、轶事传说、广告通知、报道、社会文化、史地、经济等。不同题材的文章应有不同的侧重点。天文史地、科普常识类，要留心事实和细节；人物传记、历史故事、幽默小品类，要领会文章的主题、写作意图、人物性格和特征等；社会文化教育、政治经济类要注意观点和结论；风土人情、日常生活，要留意（西方）文化与习俗等；新闻报道广告海报类，要注意其独特的写作

2、手法、事情的起因、经过、涉及的人物具体数字及作者的态度。,（三）体裁尽量避免单一化。因此我们务必熟悉文体格式，熟读并背诵一些范文，千方百计增加对语言经验的积累。,高考阅读理解命题的三个原则,返回目录,（一）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节; （二）既要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念; （三）既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等; （四）既要理解某句、某段的意义，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断; （五）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。,阅读理解能力测试的要求,返回目录,阅读理解题型归类及解题技巧

3、,返回目录,（一）细节推理题,一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。 解题方法： 1.通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节，特别注意以下几个方面： 五个W(Who, where, when, which)和一个H(how)以及其他特殊之处； 数字、日期、时间等； 同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等； 表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, whats more, in addition to, including to, as well as等。 倒装句及加强语气的词，如above all, mainly, mostly,

4、 certainly, indeed等。 2.选用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。,返回目录,(二)词句理解题,要求正确理解短文中一些关健词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。解题方法：,1.透彻理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子，根据特定的语境判断理解，推敲斟酌，最后确定含义。,2. 要熟悉常见的设问形式：,1) The underlined word in the paragraph refers to /means _. 2) What does “_” in paragraph sta

5、nd for /mean? 3) “_” could best be replaced by which of the following? 4) The expression /phrase “_” means _. 5) The word “_” is closest in meaning to _.,返回目录,(三)推理判断题,主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查。 解题方法： 读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和

6、逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。,返回目录,(四)归纳概括题,此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。 解题方法： 领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特点是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lea

7、d paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想，但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；英语文章讲究使用主题句和主题段。主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也有可能在段中或段末。其作用是交待该段的中心意思，段与段之间常有词语连接，承上启下，使文章连贯。要准确地理解一篇文章必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住文章的脉络，即句与句之间，段落与段落之间逻辑关系。,返回目录,（五）图表理解题,图示理解题中地图的一般坐标方位是“上北下南，左西右东”（特别标明方位的除外）。有时根据文章内容提供一幅或多幅图（地图、示意图或其它图形），

8、要求考生正确判断和选择符合原文内容的图示。1先看问题和图示再读原文，要以原文提供的事实、逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，使自己的思维模式与作者写作时的思维模式相吻合（词、短语或句子），分析其中的细节，找出符合图示所要求的必要条件。常见的设问方式： 1) Which of the following maps gives the right position of ? 2) Which of the following diagrams /pictures /figures shows the correct relationship between A.B and C? 3) Which of

9、 the drawings below gives an idea of what is /looks like?,返回目录,答题的基本步骤,1. 先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和用户服务，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。,2. 细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。,3. 复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾

10、，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。,返回目录,注意事项,1所选有据，避免主观 阅读他人作品，理解他人的意图，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。文章中的数字、日期、时间、表限量的词或短语等都是设题的重点，若只注意明显的内容，正好走进实的陷井。若不注意虚的内容，想当然答题多半会错。因此，必须学会“虚实结合”。,返回目录,2符合原文的答案正确答案最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对，但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此，必须通盘考虑，取主题，舍枝节。3解题有法

11、，但无定法，贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度，同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法或，实践出真知，多练出效益。,返回目录,解题密招,返回目录,灵活运用以下三种有效的阅读方法，可以大大提高阅读速度和解题速度。 略读(skimming)：就是以尽快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、起始段或结尾段、每段的首尾句、以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等重要部分，以了解文章的大意或主题思想。 查读(scanning)：也叫寻读，就是带着问题去快速阅读，以求在短时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。 研读(study reading)：就是通过略读了解文章主旨

12、和通过查读找到了相关的范围之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要通过分析、综合、比较、联想等思维方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等读。,三种阅读方法,返回目录,对于解题的顺序有的人喜欢先阅读再看题，有的人喜欢先看题再阅读，这要因人而异，本无优劣之分，根据你的习惯来定。我们推荐以下步骤： (1)用略读法了解文章大意及各段的大意。 (2)阅读题干及各个选项，了解考查的内容。 (3)带着问题用查读法到文中找到相关句段。 (4)用研读法理解相关句段，筛选答案。 (5)综合考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主旨

13、。,五步解题方法,返回目录,考点突破,返回目录,本部分，我们根据考纲上的要求，分成21个考点逐个剖析，揭开命题之秘，让考生了解命题特点，掌握应对方法，并进行相应的训练，最终可以各个击破。,返回目录,一般说来，this, that, it, they, them, one等代词指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。,名师指津,返回目录,考点击破 阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) 2009年安徽卷People o

14、bviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may p

15、rovide a good supply of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduces the worlds wood supply.,返回目录,77. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A. We will lose much more than we can gain. B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests. C. People have a strong desi

16、re for resources. D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.,(1) A。指代上文内容：前段末的but we will suffer much more than we will benefit。只有选项A与此大意相同。,返回目录,(2) 2009年四川卷Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change w

17、ould have progressed so far that it might not help. 62. The underline word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ”. A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol,(2)A。指代前句中的the energy benefit from burning ethanol。,返回目录,(3) 2008年浙江卷First of all, jogging is very hard

18、 on the body. Your legs and feet take a real pounding(重击) running down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I read about a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about. Jogging doesnt kill hundreds

19、 of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me. 57. The underlined word “them” most probably refers to_. A. heart attacks B. back problems C. famous joggers D. physical weaknesses,(3)D。代替条件句中的physical weaknesses。由方式状语as they did with me可联

20、想上文的I developed foot, leg, and back problems(我个人就因为慢跑搞得脚、腿和背部都出了毛病)也可进一步确定是指“身体的弱点”。,返回目录,(4) 2008年陕西卷Photographs are everywhere. They decorate the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record

21、 the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories. 46. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to . A. beauties B. photos C. g

22、oods D. events,(4)B。从also可知，本句主语与前句主句相同，即they替代photos。,返回目录,这类考题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测。提问的方式主要有： (1)What does the underlined word “” in the first paragraph mean? (2)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word？ (3)The underlined word “”most probably means_. (4)The underlined w

23、ord “” could best be replaced by _. (5)According to the passage, the underlined word “” is closest in meaning to“_”.,名师指津,返回目录,(1)根据接近或递进关系：由and或or等来确定生词的义域，推知它的大致意义。 (2)根据选择或相对关系：对比or (要么，或者)前面和后面的句子或词语，来猜测生词的含义。 (3)根据同位或解释关系：通过生词后的定语、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等解释说明来推测其意思。 (4)根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。表示

24、转折的词有but, however, otherwise, though等，表示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等；另外，有时分号也可以表示转折、对比关系。,解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文来推测其意思。另外，有以下几个小技巧：,返回目录,(5)根据因果关系：根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果；也可由果推因。表示因果关系的有because, so that, so/suchthat等。 (6)根据列举的实例：根据such as, for exa

25、mple等后列举的实例推测出前面某个词语的意思。,注意：考题中若是需要推测意思的是熟词，我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思，那些常规含义的选项一般不会是要选择的正确答案。,返回目录,阅读下列段落节选, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。并思考你在选择过程中运用了什么方法。 (1) 2008江苏卷 So the main issue in using your time well is, “Whos in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take contr

26、ol of it and make it our ally. 56. The underlined word “ally” in Para.3 most likely means somebody or something that is _. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you,考点击破,(1)B。根据选择或相对关系。对比Or前后这两个表示选择或相对关系的句

27、子可知，ally与enemy意思相对(反义)，即ally为“朋友”，朋友应是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。,返回目录,(2) 2009年四川卷July 21st , 2007 was a typical English summers day it rained for 24 hours! As usual, I rushed home from work at midday to check on the house. Nothing was amiss. By the time I left work at 5 pm, however, the road into our village wa

28、s flooded. Our house had never been flooded but, as I opened the front door, a wave of water greeted me. Thank God the kids werent with me, because the house was 5 feet deep in water. We lost everything downstairs. 46. What does the underlined word “amiss” in the first paragraph mean? A. Wrong. B. M

29、issing. C. Right. D. Found.,(2)A。根据转折对比关系。由however可知，与下文是转折关系；而根据下文的描述可知，上文所说中午回家检查房子时，“没有一样东西出问题”。其他选项与语境不符。,返回目录,(3) 2008年辽宁卷A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburg

30、er is a steal at $4.80. 76. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. an act of stealing B. something delicious C. something very cheap D. an act of buying,(3)C。根据对比关系。由表示对比关系的By comparison (相比之下)可知，与CD和newspaper的价格相比，hamburger的快餐就算是“便宜的东西”了。,返回目录,(4) 2008年辽宁卷Study showed that i

31、t is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules（分子）held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP. 74. What does “glycol” in underlined wor

32、d “glycoprotein” in the this paragraph mean? A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. molecule,(4)A。因果推断法，因为含有糖(Because of its sugar content)，所以这种蛋白质(protein)就叫做“糖蛋白(glycoprotein)”。,返回目录,(5) 2009年山东卷 Theyve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sen

33、sitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, w

34、hich is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. 68. The underlined word “deter” in Paragraph 3 most probably means . A. discourage B. remove C. benefit D. free,(5)A。因果推断法。因为吸烟者特别是青少年对价格敏感，所以提高烟草税(raise money)的结果是：阻止(discourage)他们十几岁就染上吸烟的习惯。,返回目录,(6) 2008年天津卷We

35、sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring. Often we got “lost” and had to climb a tree to find out where we were. If you read a story in which someone does that successfully, be skeptical: the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could neve

36、r climb high enough to see anything except other trees. 58. The underlined word “skeptical” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _. A. calm B. doubtful C. serious D. optimistic,(6)B。根据冒号后的解释：“树顶端的树枝往往太细而不能承受重量，除了能看到其他树，我们决不可能在这颗树上爬到足够高可以看到更多东西”可知，如果你在故事中看到说有人在森林中迷路后能够爬到树上去找到了出路，这是“不可信的”或“值得怀疑的”。,

37、返回目录,(7) 2009年全国II卷 I know what youre thinking: pizza（比萨饼）？For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have last nights leftovers in the a.m. if you want to. 41. The word “leftovers” in paragraph 1 probably means _. A. food remaining after a meal B. things left undone C. meals made of vegetables D.

38、 pizza topped with fruit,(7)A。语境推断法。由前文的pizza和“For breakfast？”及have(吃)可知leftovers是food，由last nights及其中的left可知，是“剩下的食物”，故选A。,返回目录,(8) 2008年全国I卷Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderf

39、ul fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater. 63. The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something _. A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always present C. that is difficult to

40、 get D. that people use as a gift,(8) B。语境推断法。这种菠萝卖得很快，说明健康食品的食客总是爱买这种东西，即这种东西总是出现在他们的购物篮里，故选B。,返回目录,推断短语和句子的意思，跟推断单词的意思一样，可以根据前后的因果关系、对比关系、转折关系、递进关系等逻辑关系来判断，但更重要的是要善于根据上下文的内容，结合语境理解某个短语的具体含义或某个句子的深层含义。,名师指津,注意：字面意义往往不是要选的答案，考查的往往是隐含意义。,返回目录,阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) 2009年天津卷Societies all

41、over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people a

42、nd the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 37. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” probably mean? A. Change suddenly.B. Change significantly. C. Disappear mysteriously.D. Di

43、sappear very slowly.,考点击破,(1)D。由本句句意可知，特别是in many areas和long after the meaning is lost等关键字眼，以及die这个词本身的意思，可以推断是“慢慢消失”的意思。,返回目录,(2) 2009年全国I卷When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, its hard not to wonder if the diseas

44、e that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing,” says Peter Schantz. Monkey-pox may be the wake-up call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know

45、very little about these new diseases. 68. What does the phrase “the wake-up call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. a new disease B. a clear warning C. a dangerous animal D. a morning call,(2)B。由上文可知“猴痘是通常在非洲热带雨林里的动物身上才有的疾病，现在突然出现在人类身上”，有人建议要修改相关法律，为什么？因为猴痘给人类来带了“一种明确的警示”：有病的宠物可能会传染主人，而人类对这样的疾病知

46、之甚少。本小题也可直接根据构词法来猜测。,返回目录,(3) 2009年陕西卷Not all of Moms advice passed the test of medical studies. For example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating. But research suggests that there is no danger in doing so. Even though science can tell us that some of

47、 our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales. After all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated (积累) from thousands of years of experience in family health care. 53. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means”_”. A. to be

48、believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable,(3)A。由there is still a lot of truth(依然有很大的可信度)可知，前面是讲“尽管有的传统信念是不可信的(dont hold water)”。,返回目录,(4) 2009年天津卷I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of languagethe way it can evoke(唤起) an emotion, a visual i

49、mage, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them allall the Englishes I grew up with. 41. By saying “Language is the tool of my trade”, the author means that _. A. she uses English in foreign trade B. she is fascinated by languages C. she works as a translato

50、r D. she is a writer by profession,(4) D。联想首句可知“语言是我谋生的工具”的含义是“我是一位专业作家”。,返回目录,(5) 2009年北京卷So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so were almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管),” architect David Allison says. “How do you take

51、 answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? Thats what were all struggling with.” 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that _. A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researches so far have faults in themselves C. the problem

52、is too difficult for researchers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns,(5)D。由因果关系可知，因为我们研究有限，所以理解还不够全面。,返回目录,(6) 2009年湖北卷Sunday is more like Monday than it used to be. Places of business that used to keep daytime “business hours” are now open late into the nig

53、ht. A half century ago in the United States, most people experienced strong and precise dividing lines between days of rest and days of work, school time and summer time. Today the boundaries still exist, but they seem not clear. 71. By saying “Sunday is more like Monday than it used to be,” the wri

54、ter means that _. A. work time is equal to rest time B. many people have a day off on Monday C. it is hard for people to decide when to rest D. the line between work time and rest time is unclear,(6)D。由本段叙述的内容，特别是最后一句可知，休息时间和工作时间的分界线不明显了。,返回目录,(7) 2009年辽宁卷The government of India has planned to send

55、a team to China to see how things are done. A minister once said that India must open the doors for more foreign investment (投资) and such a step would “work wonders as it did for China”. But its a two-way street. I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Rangalore to tra

56、in in software. Meanwhile, all the IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China. 57. What does the author mean by “its a two-way street? A. China and India have different traffic rules. B. Tea trade works wonders in both India and China. C. Chinese products are popular in both China and India

57、. D. The exchanges between India and China benefit both.,(7)D。上段说印度派人到中国学习，本段中提及深圳的员工去印度学IT，由此可知，“中印两国的交流对双方都有好处”。,返回目录,(8) 2008年四川卷Hiking(远足) Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to k

58、eep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists. 52. What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? keep everything out of campgrounds. B. take away everything you bring in. C. carry all the necessary food. D. look after your personal belongi

59、ngs.,(8)B。根据结果句“不要给你的观光留下任何痕迹”可知，“把带进来的东西全部要带出去”，故选B。,返回目录,名师指津 这类试题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问，可能只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节。这类题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思，即语意转换。解题时注意以下两点：,(1)用题干或选项中的关键词在文中搜索(寻读)找到题眼，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，这是解题的依据所在。 (2)如果题干中含有否定意义的词语，如有not, except, least等，要特别留心。,返回目录,(1) 2009年广东卷Lisa was running late. Lisa, 25,