句法学(Syntax)课件.ppt

1、句法学（Syntax）课件,1.What is syntax?,A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.,2.Categories（范畴）,Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language suc

2、h as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.,2.1 Lexical categories,English major lexical categories实义语类 Noun (N student, lecture, John Verb (V): like, read, go Adjective (Adj): tall, lovely, red Adverb (adv): loudly, constantly, hard,English minor lexical categories功能语类 (Det): the, a, this, his Auxili

3、ary (Aux): can, will, do, do, be, have Prepositio (pron): he, she, us, mine Conjunction (Conj): and, or, but, while Interjection (Int): Oh, ah, eh,2.2 grammatical categories:,number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord (一致）， government （支配关系）, etc.,A verb is to agree with the subject in perso

4、n and in number. In English, this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject. (e.g. The boy goes to school. The boys go to school.),2.2.1 Concord (一致关系),The idea of government is the way in which certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns. In English, prepositi

5、ons and verbs require or restrict particular forms of the paradigms (聚合体，词形变化) of pronouns according to the syntactic relation between them. (e.g. I must learn from them. They pleased me the other day.),2.2.2 Government (支配关系),2.3 Functional categories,subject, predicate, object, complement, adverbi

6、al.,2.4 Phrasal categories and their stuctures,NP名词短语: a tall man, the student VP动词短语: read a book, walk in the park PP介词短语: in the park, after dark AP形容词短语: quite rude, very anxious,Phrase stucture rule,The XP rule,The X stands for the head of N,A,V and P.,The X bar theory（X杠理论）,The coordinate rule

7、,3.Sentence （句子）,3.1 The sentence rule,Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate,Infl Tense and agreement,3.2 Types of sentences句子类型,Structural Approach The simple sentence简单句 The coordinate sentence 并列句 The complex sentence 复合句,Functional Approach declarative (陈述句), inter

8、rogative (疑问句), imperative (祈使句), exclamatory (感叹句).,immediate constituent（直接成分） Constituent (构成成分) ultimate constituent （最终成分） IC（直接成分）: Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units. UC（最终成分）: The smallest grammatical unit obtained through segmentation.,3.3 IC Analysis (直

9、接成分分析法):,IC Analysis refers to divide the sentence up into immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. （把句子按其组成部分/成分用两进制切分法/二分法一直划到最小的语法单位又称最终成分词素。）,The analysis can be carried out in ways of bracketing (括号法） upright lines（竖线法） tree diagrams (树形法）,Tree d

10、iagrams,树形图最为直观，不仅显示出句子的线性结构，而且清楚地表明其阶层结（hierarchical structure）。 eg A ambiguity sentence: The boy saw the man with a telescope.,not only shows linear relationship, but also hierarchical ones. helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions. For example: old men and women old men and wom

11、en,The advantage of IC Analysis,There will be a problem as to where to make the next cut. This is called discontinuity and such constituents are called discontinuous constituents （非连续成分）. e.g. lookup, bringin, helpout, look forward to, etc. 直接成分分析法把话语一直分到词素，忽略了词和习语作为词汇单位的整体作用。如：lookup, bringin, help

12、out, look forward to, 三长两短，七上八下，如果切分到词素，就会忽视习语的整体意义，从而破坏语义的完整性。,A disadvantage of IC Analysis,3.4 Transformations,3.4.1 Deep structure & surface structure The structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written is called the surface structure. The structure that contains all the units and relat

13、ionships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence is called the deep structure.,For example: Flying planes can be dangerous. 这是一个多义结构，可解释为： The action of flying planes can be dangerous. 驾驶飞机是危险的。 Planes that fly can be dangerous. 飞着的飞机是危险的。 以上句中的表层结构（词语和词序）相同，但语 义却不同，既同一个表层结构，

14、有两个深层结构。,3.4.2 Syntactic movementand movement rules,Aux-movement 助动词移动 Do insertion WH-movement WH移动 NP-movement 名词短语移动,Aux-movement（助动词移动）,The movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as be, have, do, will, can, and should. eg. John will buy a present. Will John buy a present?,Do insertion,Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position eg. Birds fly. Birds do fly. Do birds fly?,WH-movement,WH-movement is obligatory in English, which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. eg. John will buy what. What will John buy? John will p