语言学Exercises to Chapther Two(1)

1、Exercises to Chapter Two I. Define the following terms. 1. Vowels (中山大学2003)2. Phoneme (中国人民大学, 2006, 3 points; 首师, 2009, 2 points; 北外, 2010, 5 points)3. Narrow transcription (复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001)4. Diphthong (上海交通大学2003) 5. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. (南开大学2

2、003)6. Suprasegmental (南开大学2003; 2009, 2 points)7. Allophone (北京师范大学2004, 4 points; 川大, 2008, 2 points; 北航, 2010, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points; 首师, 2011, 2 points)8. Distinctive features of speech sounds (北京师范大学,2003, 4 points; 中山, 2008, 5 points)9. Minimal pair (北二外,2006, 3 point; 北航, 2008,2 points

3、; 武大, 2009, 4 points; 川大, 2009, 2 points)10. Place of articulation (南开大学, 2 points, 2008)11. manner of articulation (南开, 2009, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points)12. Tone (同上)13. Coarticulation (4 points, 武大, 2008; 南开, 2010, 2 points)14. Cardinal Vowels (大外, 5 points, 2008; 中山, 2010, 5 points)15. compleme

4、ntary distribution (北航, 2 points, 2009; 南开, 2010, 2 points)16. assimilation (中山, 2009, 5 points; 武大, 2011, 2.5 points)17. fricative consonant (川大, 2010, 2 points)18. acoustic phonetics (南开, 2011, 2 points)19. allophonic variation (同上)20. free variation (天外, 2011, 3 points): II. Multiple Choice1. Of

5、the three cavities, _ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nasal cavity B. pharynx cavity C. oral cavity2. All syllables contain a _. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nucleus B. coda C. Onset3. A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one

6、 shape of word from another in a given language is a _. (北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题)A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme4. _ is one of the suprasegmental features. (东南大学2002年考研试题)A. Stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. Tone5. Narrow transcripion is the phonetic transcription with _. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. diacritics B. di

7、stinctive features C. voicing D. Articulation6. Velar refers to _. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. larynx B. soft palate C. alveolar D. Pharynx7. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stop8. _ is not a distinctive feat

8、ure in English phonology. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. Nasality B. Voicing C. Aspiration D. Rounding9. _ is not an English consonant. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. Labio-dental plosive B. Alveolar nasal C. Velar stop D. Dental fricative10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is _. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. rand

9、om B. predictable C. variable D. Independent11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in _. (东南大学1999年考研试题)A. Chinese B. English C. both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese nor English12. Which of the following is not a minimal _? (对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point)A. li:f fi:l B. sip zip C. sai s

10、ei D. keit feit13. Which of the following is true of an allophone _? (对外经济贸易大学, 2005, 1 point)A. A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes. B. There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.C. There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme.D. An allophone

11、changes the meaning of the word.14. Choose the different one and explain the reason in ONE sentence. (南京大学, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2 points for each)1) A. /f/ B. /z/ C. /k/ d. / / focus on manner of articulation 2) A. / / B. /a:/ C. / / D. /u/ focus on place of articulation3) A. /p/ B. /b/ C. /d/ D. /m/

12、focus on state of voicing4) A. Aware B. Ignore C. Relay D. Pertain focus on the structure of the underlined syllables5) A. expensive B. repeat C. spring D. conspiracy focus on the pronunciatin of “p”6) A. considerate B. tonicity C. pointless D. inconsistency focus on the pronunciation of “n”7) A. nu

13、mbers B. classrooms C. islands D. laptops focus on the pronunciation of “s”8) A. competent B. principal C. individual D. animatefocus on the location of the stress9) A. /f/ B. /p/ C. /d/ D. /g/ focus on the classification of consonants15. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in sp

14、eech is closely connected with _.(大外, 2008, 1 point)A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics16. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of _.(同上)A. manners of articulation B. place of articulation C. narrow transcription17. Which of the following CAN

15、NOT be considered as a minimal pair_? (同上)A. /ai/-/ci/ B. /p/-/b/ C. /s/-/ /18. Which of the following is NOT the instance of ASSIMILATION_?(同上)A. Nasalization B. Onset C. Coda 19. A voiceless post alveolar fricative is _. (天外, 2009)A. B. tr C. t D. w20. Which of the following is the most sonorous_?

16、 (同上)A. Fricatives B. Nasals C. Approximants D. Vowels21. Which of the following is a sonorant_? (同上)A. b B. d C. g D. m 22. Which of the following phonological processes is NOT the demonstration of the assimilation between neighboring sounds_? (同上)A. devoicing B. dentalization C. epenthesis D. verl

17、arization23. English vowels can be classified into front, central and back vowels according to _. (同上)A. places of articlation B. manners of articulation C. The position of the lowerst part of the tongue D. The position of the highest part of the tongue24. Pair _ doesnt form a minimal pari. (大外, 200

18、9)A. gap and cap B. pat and pad C. tip and dip D. map and tam25. Pair _ is not in complementary distribution. (同上)A. spot and pot B. stop and top C. school and cool D. light and glad26. The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of _

19、. (同上)A. phonetic similatiry B. free variation C. complementary distribution D. allophones 27. In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _. (同上; 大外, 2010)A. Peak or Nucleus B. Onset C. Coda D. stress 28. In terms of the place of articulation, the following words t n z share the feature of _. (同上, 2010)

20、A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. velar 29. _ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation. (同上)A. Approximant B. Lateral C. Plosive D. Bilabial 30. _ is a central vowel. (天外, 2011)A. e B. i C. u D. 31. Which of the following statements is true? _ (同

21、上)A. Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adams apple”.B. The IPA uses narrow transcription.C. There are two nasal consonants in English.D. It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning. 32. Match the sounds under column A with one or more phonetic properties from column B as illustrated in the f

22、irst one. (大连外国语学院2002年考研试题) A B a. k 1,9,6 1. velar b. 2. nasal c. s 3. dental d. b 4. fricative e. l 5. voiced f. t 6. voiceless g. m 7. bilabial h. h 8. alveolar 9. plosive 10. glottalIII. Blank Filling1. _ studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and _ studies the rules

23、 governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. (2 points, 中国人民大学, 2006)2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and _ of articulation. (1 point, 北二外 , 2008)3. The diff

24、erent members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _ (1 point, 北二外 , 2007)4. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _, _, and _. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题 )5. Name five of English front vowels: _, _, _, _, _. (大连外

25、国语学院2000年考研试题)6. The sound p can be described with “ _, bilabial, stop”. (北京第二外国语学院2007年考研试题)7. In the production of a _ sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)8. By the position of the _ part of the tongue, vowels are

26、 classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)9. In English, the sound b has the same phonetic features as the sound p except the feature of _. (武汉大学2002年考研试题)10. The oral stops in English are _, _, _, _, _ and _. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)11. The difference between a _ and a v

27、owel lies in whether there is air obstruction in the production of them. (大连外院,2008)12. The present system of the _ derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.(中山, 2008, 1 point)13. The sound p can b

28、e described with “_, bilabial, stop”. (北二外, 2009, 1 point)14. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _. (同上)15. Because voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature f

29、or English o_. (大外, 2009)16. When producing the English sound h, the vocal cords are brought momentarily together to creat the g_ obstruction. (同上)17. In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different _ and the two words are a _ pair. (北二外

30、, 2010)18. _ is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (大外, 2010)19. V_ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is k as in cat. (同上)20. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in diction

31、aries and textbooks thoughout the world. The latest version was revised in 1993 and updated in 1996 and _. (中山, 2010)21. _ refers to a sound produced with the obstruction of the air stream caused by two lips, such as in the production of p. (北二外, 2011)22. Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a

32、word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called _. (中山, 2011)23. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (北京师范大学2002, 南开大学2003)s: g: : : f: z: j: : 24. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets? (广东外语外贸大学2004年考研试题)pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ba

33、n, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel, ten, men, put, main, hit, eat, man25. Divide the syllable of each of the following English words. Example: discuss: dis+cuss (吉林大学2000年考研试题)pushy; second; punish; people; logic; plantation.IV. T or F Questions.1. A phoneme in one language or one

34、 dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect. (清华大学, 2001)2. English consonants can be classified into two categories: voiced and voiceless consonants. (对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point)3. Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow pas

35、sage. (同上)4. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes. (同上)5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme. (北二外, 2008, 2010, 1 point)6. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution

36、 are not always allophones of the same phoneme. (北二外, 2009, 1 point)7. The last sound of “top” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realization of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2007, 1 point)8. The last sound of “sit” can be articul

37、ated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2009, 1)9. The sound z is shared by “boys” and “moves” as a common morpheme. (同上)10. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. (同上)11. When the vocal fo

38、lds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced. (大外, 2008, 1 point)12. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. (同上)13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. (同上)14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a p

39、honeme must bear some morphological resemblance. (同上) (中山, 2011, blank-filling)15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA. (同上)16. A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics. (大外, 2009)17. Narrow transcription is the transcription of sounds with letter-symbols.

40、 (同上)18. The unexploded plosive k。as in the word enact is a similar phoneme with the exploded plosive k as in the word backup. (同上)19. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonological resemblance. (同上; 大外, 2010)20. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and can

41、not be further analyzed. (大外, 2010)21. Manner of articulation is the only way by which we tell whether a sound is a consonant or not. (同上)V. Questions.1. Give the phonetic term according to the following description: the sound made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth (北二外, 2008, 1

42、 point)2. What are the contrastive and complementary distributions in the isolation of Phonemes? Give examples. (大连外国语学院2001，2001年考研试题)3. What are the three parts of the vocal organs? (清华大学2000年考研试题; J清华, 3 points, 2001)4. Give the phonetic term for each of the following locations in articulation. (

43、北二外2003)5. Both lips, Teeth, Opening between vocal cords, Ridge behind upper teethThe sound made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth (2008)The sound made with tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge (2009)The sound made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate (2010)6

44、. Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. (东南大学2002)7. Distinguish between phonetics and phonology. (北师大, 2008, 10 points; 武大, 2008, 10; 国际关系学院, 2010, 10 points)8. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the

45、 two. (北京外国语大学2002年考研试题)9. Circle the words that contain a sound as require (5 points, 清华大学2001) 1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook 2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push 3) an approximant: lucky, boots, word, once, table 4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook 5)

46、a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick10. Analyze the different syllabic parts of the following words (5 points, 清华大学, 2000) 11. 1) /teibl/ 2) /ktn/ 3) /impsibl/ 4) /vislis/12. What is free variation? And illustrate it with examples. (湖南师范大学2003年考研试题)13. Point out the commonness shared by the two sou

47、nds t and n. (2 points,北二外,2008) 14. Point out the commonness shared by the two sounds d and n (同上, 2009)15. What is phonology? And what is a phoneme? (5 points,北二外,2008) 16. Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words. (12 points, 南京大学, 2008) hypothesis, academician, verbatim,

48、 technique, capacity, standardize, guarantee, paradigm, primarily, rhetoric, procedure, originate 17. Transcribe the following underlined part in the IPA as they are actually pronounced. (16 points, 南京大学, 2008) 1) as you know 2) It took a long time to arrive at Green Park. 3) It was hard even to mak

49、e a phone call. 4) Did you find the answer? 18. Define each of the natural classes of segments with (a) distinctive feature(s).(4 points, 南开大学, 2008; 2009)1) p, b, m, , , w2) s, , f, 3) y, u, o, , , 4) m, n, , , , 19. In the dialect of Scottish English, the word happen is pronounced as . You are req

50、uired to (1) formulate three phonological rules, (2) arrange the rules in a correct order, and (3) apply the ordered rules to derive the surface representation of the word , using the form / / as the underlying representation of word.(10 points, 南开, 2008)20. .let, tell, apple; You are required to (1

51、) state the distribution of the clear l and the dark l, and (2) give the syllable structure of the word apple. (A tree diagram for illustrating the syllable structure is necessary.) (8 points, 南开, 2009)21. Illustrate the significance of studying speech sounds in linguistics. (8 points, 大外, 2008)22. How are the vowels described usually? (北二外, 2009, 5 points)23. U