英语语音课程导入.ppt

1、English Phonology英语语音,Questions,1,What is good English pronunciation?,2,Why is good pronunciation so important?,is being understood by a listener in a given situation ; to develop a clear, understandable pronunciation with appropriate intonation and stress.,Intelligibility,is the most sensible goal.

2、,Intelligibility,What is good English pronunciation?,What are the priorities for Chinese learners?,syllable,stress,intonation,rhythm,Priority aspects for Chinese learners,What are the tips on good English pronunciation?,Word Stress:,Stress patterns of English Words and Sentences,happy,2. report,3. h

3、ospital,4. record n.- re cord v.,5. conduct n.- con duct v.,6. desert n.- de sert v.,What are the tips on good English pronunciation?,Sentence Stress:,Stress patterns of English Words and Sentences,Sing a song.,2. Id love to.,3. Ive heard of it.,4. I want to know.,5. She asked me to go.,6. I think i

4、t will be fine.,What are the tips on good English pronunciation?,Example:,Weak Forms,are /a: / /,2. and /nd/ /n/ /n/,3. been /bi:n/ /bin/,4. them /em/ /m/,5. am /m/ /m/,6. but /bt/ /bt/,The days are shorter. / deiz :t/ black and white /blk n wait/ She has been out./ i:z bin aut/ Send them by post./

5、send m bai pust/ What am I to do? /wt m ai t du:/ Its fine today, but rather cold. / its fain t dei bt ra : kuld/,rhythm,I think he wants to go I think that he wants us to go I think it was an excellent affair ,The stressed syllables follow each other nearly at roughly equal intervals of time, and t

6、he unstressed syllables (whether many or few) occupy almost the same period of time between the stressed syllables.,Examples: Chinese /aini:z/ They are having a Chinese lesson /ei hvi aini:z lesn/ They speak Chinese / ei spi:k aini:z / Upstairs /p st z/ He lives in an upstairs room /hi: livz in n p

7、st z ru:m/ He went upstairs /hi: wentp st z / Second-hand /sekndhnd/ It is a second-hand bookshop /its sekndhnd bukp/ It was bought second-hand /its wz b:t sekndhnd/,Ways to improve your rhythm,beat the rhythm with your hand, one beat for each stressed syllable and with exactly the same time between

8、 each pair of beats. Ive read it I told him Try again Have a drink Where have you been? It is time Its time for dinner. Peter answered,What are the tips on good English pronunciation?,Function 1: It indicates grammatical meaning, in much the same way as punctuation does in the written language.,Into

9、nation,Example: 1. He lives in London. 2. He lives in London. He lives in London. Where? 4. He lives in London. Where?,What are the tips on good English pronunciation?,Intonation,Function 2: It can also indicate the speakers attitude.,Example: Really? Whats your name?,What are the tips on good Engli

10、sh pronunciation?,Fall Rise Fall-rise Rise-fall,Four basic tune movements,Example: 1. His name is Peter. (a straightforward statement)2. His name is Peter. (a polite question)3. His name is Peter. (I dont believe you.)4. His name is Peter. (to convey certainty),Mode of Examination,class performance+

11、final exam （5/5),After-class Practice,English Songs,English Movie Dubbing,English Reading,English Stage Plays,English Story Telling,English Speech Contest,After-class Practice,English Songs,After-class Practice,English Movie Dubbing,After-class Practice,English Reading,After-class Practice,English S

12、tage Play,After-class Practice,English Story Telling,After-class Practice,English Speech Contest,To have a good pronunciation means:,1.To pronounce correctly all the speech sounds of the language and all the combinations in their proper order not only in isolated words, but also in sentences 2. To p

13、ronounce sentences fluently at the speed required by the situation, with correct stresses, linking of sounds, rhythm, pauses and intonation.,The organs of speech,Nasal cavity -鼻腔 Mouth cavity-口腔 Tongue-舌 Lips-唇 Teeth-齿 The teeth ridge-齿龈 The hard palate -硬腭 The soft palate -软腭 uvula -小舌 Pharynx -咽头

14、Larynx- 喉头 The vocal cords- 声带 Windpipe -气管,A a,B b,C c,D d,E e,F f,G g,H h,I i,J j,K k,L l,M m,N n,O o,P p,Q q,R r,S s,T t,U u,V v,W w,X x,Y y,Z z,i:,ei,em,bi:,si:,di:,en,ai,eit ,u,es,d3 ei,d3 i:,kju:,kei,el,pi:,eks,ef,wai,vi:,ti:,ju:,zi:,dbl ju:,The classification of Speech sounds,The organs of sp

15、eech are capable of making many different kinds of speech sounds. From the practical standpoint, speech sounds are generally divided into Vowels and Consonants., Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords, so

16、 all vowels are voiced . In English there are twenty vowels in all., Consonants are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and be either voiced or voiceless . There are twenty-eight consonants in English.,The English Phonetic,/i:/, /i/, /e/, /,/a:/, /:/ , /, /u:/, /u/.,/ , /:

17、/ , /,/ei/, /ai/ , /i/, /u/ , /au/,/i/, /, /u/,/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/,/f/, /v/, /,/, /s/, /z/, /, /,/, /,/tr/, /dr/,/ts/, /dz/,/m/, /n/, /,/w/ /j/,辅音,元音,/h/，/r /,/l/,VowelsGeneral Remarks on the Vowels,The English vowels are divided into two large groups: Monophthongs (pure vowels) Diphthongs,

18、Monophthongs:,There are twelve monophthongs . They may be classified according to the following principles:,1)The height of the raised part of the tongue: we distinguish open vowels, half-open vowels, half-close vowels and close vowels. 2)The part of the tongue raised : we distinguish front, back an

19、d central vowels. 3)The length of the vowel: we distinguish long vowels and short ones. 4)The position (or shape) of the lips: we distinguish rounded vowels and unrounded ones. 5)The degree of tenseness: we distinguish tense vowels and lax vowels.,The Front Vowels,There are four front vowels in Engl

20、ish: /i:/, /i/, /e/, / . /i:/ is a long, close front vowel. It is unrounded and tense. /i/ is a short , half-close front vowel. It is unrounded and lax. /e/ is a short, half-open, unrounded front vowel. It is a lax. / is a short ,open, unrounded front vowel. It is a lax.,Example and practice,/i:/ e:

21、 me evening ; ee: see week ea: sea leave; i: machine police /i/ i: ship pig; y: happy daddy ui: build guilty; ie: field shield /e/ e: twelve second; a: any many ea: heavy breakfast ie: friend / a: land matter family,The Back Vowels,There are five back vowels in English: /a:/, /:/ , /, /u:/, /u/. /a:

22、/ is a long, open, unrounded back vowel. /:/ is a long, half-open, rounded back vowel. It is slightly tense. / is a short, open, rounded, lax back vowel. /u:/ is a long, close, rounded, tense back vowel. /u/ is a short, half-close,rounded, lax back vowel.,Example and practice,/a:/ ar: hard farmer ;

23、a: class glass al: half calf /:/ or: short corn ; ore: more before oor: door floor / our: four pour ; a: wash what o: stop hot au: autumn daughter; al: call walk /u:/ u: blue ruler ; oo: moon food /u/ u: put ; oo: foot good ; oul: could would,The central Vowels,There three central vowels in English:

24、 / , /:/ , / . / is a short, half-open, unrounded central vowel. It is a lax one. /:/ is a long, half-close and half-open, unrounded , tense central vowel. / is a short, half-open, unrounded, lax central vowel. It only occurs in unstressed syllables.,Example and practice,/ u: sun hungry ; o: son ano

25、ther ou: enough couple double young /:/ er: term certainly ; ir: first third ur: turn Thursday ; or: work word ear: learn early / a: away woman ; e: student broken er : over matter,Diphthongs,There are eight diphthongs .They are divided into three groups: three with a glide towards /i/ two with a gl

26、ide towards /u/ three with a glide towards /,The closing Diphthongs,There are five closing diphthongs in English. /ei/, /ai/ , /i/, /u/ , /au/ /ei/ begins with /e/ and glides smoothly to /i/ /ai/ glides from /a/ to /i/ . It is smooth and loudness becomes less as it progresses. /i/ glides from a posi

27、tion between / and /:/ to /i/. /u/ starts with /:/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded. /au/ starts with /a/ and then glides away to /u/ with the lips getting slightly rounded.,Example and practice,/ei/ a: take gate; ay: stay say ; ea: great /ai/ i: side nice; ie: tie

28、die ; y: by shy /i/ oi: toilet boil noise ; oy : boy toy /u/ o: not most ; oa: boat coat ow: blow know /au/ ou: house mouse ; ow: now brown,The Centring Dighthongs,There are three centring diphthongs: /i/, /, /u/ /i/ glides from /i/ to /. The lips are spread throughout. / glides from a point between

29、 /e/ and / . The lips are spread. /u/ starts from /u/ and glides to /.,/i/ ea: idea real ; ear : dear near ere : here ; e : hero zero / air: chair hair ; are: careful dare ear : pear wear ; ere: there where /u/ ure: sure ; ua : usually,Example and practice,ConsonantsClassification of Consonants,Cons

30、onants may be classified according to following rules: 1) The work of the vocal cords 2) Place of articulation 3) Manner of articulation,Work of the Vocal Cords,Voiced consonants: they are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords. Voiceless consonants: they are produced without the vibration o

31、f the vocal cords.,Place of Articulation,1) bi-labial （双唇音） 2) labio-dental （唇齿音） 3) dental （齿音） 4) alveolar （齿龈音） 5) post-alveolar （后齿龈音） 6) palato-alveolar （硬腭齿龈音） 7) palatal （硬腭音） 8) velar （软腭音） 9) glottal （喉音）,Manner of Articulation,1) plosives （ 爆破音） 2) fricatives （摩擦音） 3) affricates （破擦音） 4) n

32、asals （鼻音） 5) lateral （边音） （舌侧音） 6) frictionless continuant （无摩擦延续音） 7) semi-vowels （ 半元音）,Manner of Articulation : 1) Plosives,There are three pairs of plosives: bilabial-/p/, /b/ Alveolar-/t/, /d/ Velar-/k/, /g/ The sound/b, d, g/are voiced plosives. They are unaspirated and weak The sound/p, t, k

33、/ are voiceless ;polsives. They are usually aspirated and strong.,Example and practice:,/p/ is voiceless, bilabial, plosive, aspirated strong.清音，双唇音，爆破音，送气。 /b/ is voiced, bilabial, plosive, unaspirated, weak.浊音，双唇音，爆破音，不送气。 Practice: pat bat paper labor map bobby robber,/t/ : voiceless, alveolar, p

34、losive, aspirated, strong.清音，齿龈音，爆破音，送气。 /d/ : voiced, alveolar, plosive, unaspirated, weak.浊音，齿龈音，爆破音，不送气。 Practice: ten dad tight tide writer rider wetting wedding,/k/ : voiceless, velar, plosive, aspirated, strong.清音，软腭音，爆破音，送气。 /g/ : voiced, velar, plosive, unaspirated, weak.浊音，软腭音，爆破音，不送气。 Prac

35、tice: could good cot got week leek ankle angle,Manner of Articulation : 2)Fricatives,There are nine consonants of fricatives: /f/, /v/, /,/, /s/, /z/, /, / ,/h/ They have the common feature: For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow passage where it causes friction of various kinds.,Exampl

36、e and practice:,/f/: voiceless, labio-dental, fricative, usually aspirated, strong, long.清音，唇齿音，摩擦音，送气。 /v/: voiced, labio-dental, fricative, usually unaspirated, weak, short.浊音，唇齿音，摩擦音，不送气。 Practice: a half sniff a brief love a stiff glove a safe move a brave bluff a grave grief,/: voiceless, denta

37、l, fricative, aspirated strong, long.清音，齿音，摩擦音，送气。 / : voiced, dental, fricative, unaspirated, weak, short.浊音，齿音，摩擦音，不送气。 Practice: think this thief these thing within something other,/s/ : voiceless, alveolar, fricative, aspirated, strong, long.清音，齿龈音，摩擦音，送气。 /z/ : voiced, alveolar, fricative, unas

38、pirated, weak, short.浊音，齿龈音，摩擦音，不送气。 Practice: place plays coarse cause bus buzz race raise false falls niece knees,/ : voiceless, palato-alveolar, fricative, aspirated, strong, long.清音，硬腭齿龈音，摩擦音，送气。 / : voiced, palato-alveolar, fricative, unaspirated, weak, short.浊音，硬腭齿龈音，摩擦音，不送气。 /h/ : voiceless,

39、glottal, fricative清音，喉音，摩擦音。,Practice:,/ sh: ship wash; ss/s: sure sugar -tia-,-tie-, -tio-: partial initial nation -cia-,-cie-,-cio-: social conscious -sion : pension discussion omission / -sure, -zure: leisure treasure -sion: decision confusion -ge: garage /h/ h: heat hot ; wh-: who whole,Manner o

40、f Articulation : 3)Affricates,There are three pairs of affricates in English: /, / :the air passage is completely blocked by raising the soft palate and raising the tip of the tongue to touch the back part of the teeth ridge /tr/, /dr/: are articulated by raising the tongue tip to touch the back par

41、t of the teeth ridge. /ts/, /dz/: are articulated with the tongue tip raised to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.,Example and practice:,/: palato-alvealar, affricate, voiceless, aspirated, strong, long.清音，硬腭齿龈音，破擦音，送气。 /: palato-alveolar, affricate, voiced, unaspirated, weak, short.清音，硬腭齿龈音，破擦

42、音，不送气。 Practice: /: ch,tch: church chair match t+ure, t+eous: nature picture t+ion: question suggestion /: g: gentle age giant ; j: just joke dg(e): ridge edge judge,/tr/, /dr/: are articulated by raising the tongue tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.,/tr/: post-alveolar affricate, voicel

43、ess, aspirated, strong, long.清音，后齿龈音，破擦音，送气。 /dr/: post-alveolar affricate, voiced, unaspirated, weak , short.浊音，后齿龈音，破擦音，不送气。 Practice: treat drain true drug trace draw train drop,/ts/, /dz/: are articulated with the tongue tip raised to touch the back part of the teeth ridge.,/ts/: alveolar affric

44、ate, voiceless, aspirated, strong, long.清音，齿龈音，破擦音，送气。 /dz/: alveolar affricate, voiced , unaspirated, weak, short.浊音，齿龈音，破擦音，不送气。 Practice: /ts/: -ts,-tes: lets fists bites /dz/: -ds, -des: beds spends divides,Manner of Articulation : 4)Nasals,There are three nasal consonants in English. /m/, /n/,

45、/ . In articulating all nasal consonants the soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point so that all the air is pushed out of the nose.,/m/ the mouth passage is completely blocked by closing the lips and the air passes through the nose. /n/ the mouth passag

46、e is completely blocked by pressing the tongue-tip against the teeth ridge, and sides of the tongue against the sides of the palate. The air passes through the nose. / the mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered and all the air passes th

47、rough the nose.,Example and practice:,/m/ : voiced bilabial nasal 浊音，双唇音，鼻音。 /n/ : voiced alveolar nasal 浊音，双唇音，鼻音。 / : voiced velar nasal 浊音，双唇音，鼻音。 Practice: /m/: m/mm: meat summer -mb: lamb thumb -mn: autumn solemn /n/: n/nn: night sunny funny kn-: know knife kneel gn: sign design / : -ng: sing s

48、pring ; n-: sink anger uncle,Manner of Articulation : 5) Lateral,There is only one lateral in English: /l/: the tongue-tip slightly touches the teeth ridge while the sides of the tongue are lowered to form a rather wide passage. The air passes at the sides of the tongue without friction. English peo

49、ple use two different /l/ sounds: the clear /l/ and dark /l/.,Example and practice:,dark /l/. /l/ is a voiced alveolar lateral consonant. Practice: leave fill late field million belt telling hold Note: the letter l is silent in a number of words. e.g. talk walk half should folk,Manner of Articulatio

50、n : 6)Frictionless continuant,There is one frictionless continuant. /r/ When /r/ is articulated the tip of the tongue is held near to the back part of the teeth ridge, but not touching it; the back rims of the tongue are touching the upper molar; the central part of the tongue is lowered, so that th

51、e tongue has a curved shape.,Example and practice:,/r/ is a voiced post-alveolar friction less continuant. （无摩擦延续音） practice: /r/: r: red bread very rh: rhyme rhythm wr: write wrong,Manner of Articulation : 7)Semi-vowels,There are two semi-vowels in English: /j/, /w/ They are quick, smooth, non-fric

52、tion glide towards a following vowel sound. /j/ is a quick glide from the position of the vowel /i:/ or /i/ to any other vowel. /w/ is a quick glide from the vowel /u:/ or /u/ to the following vowel sound.,Example and practice:,/j/ is a voiced unrounded palatal semi-vowel. It is very short and weak.

53、 /w/ is a voiced, rounded, labio-velar semi-vowel. It is short and weak. Practice: /j/ : y: yes yield ; i,e: opinion hideous Note: /ju/ is frequently spelt with u, ue, ui, ew, eu and eau. e.g. unit due suit few beauty /w/ : w: week swim; wh: when which qu: quick quality; -gu- : language, distinguish

54、 Note: the letter w is silent in the group wr. e.g. : write two answer sword,How to recite Phonetic transcription :,巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。 双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。 辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊， 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音， 有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。,课程终结考试分析,期末考试包括笔试和口试。 笔试是以听力形式进行的。考卷由六大部分组成： 1） 辨音 2） 听辨语句含义、听取信息 3） 写音标 4） 语调群划分（intonation

55、units） 5） 标语调 6） 听写填空（spot dictation）,口试： 含朗读和按指定内容进行的连续发言（oral presentation）。口试10分钟，5分钟准备，5分钟正式口试。朗读的内容主要是对话或一篇小短文。 发言的题目是从给定的话题中选。 话题与考生日常生活紧密相连。,第一部分：单词辨音题。 本部分重点测试考生的语音辨析能力。共10个小题，每题四个选项。每个单词听两遍，考生需根据所听到的读音从四个选项当中选出与之相对应的单词。 IWhich did you hear? (10 points, 1 point each) Choose from the followin

56、g groups of words the one you hear. Mark the corresponding letter in your Answer Sheet. Each of the words will be read twice.,A. lock B. rock C. knock D. work A. shed B. sad C. said D. shade,针对区分l,n音 Lenin is learning English near the lake. 区分s, sh She sells sea shells by the sea shore.,第二部分：听语句辨语义。

57、 本部分重点测试考生在连贯表达中的语音辨析能力。共五个问句，每个句子读两遍。考生需根据所听到的问句从两个选项中选出相应的答语。 II. Listen and respond. (10 points, 2 points each) Choose the correct answers/responses to the questions you hear. Mark the corresponding letter in your Answer Sheet. Each of the sentences will be read twice.,Did he show you the white p

58、aper? A. No, it was the wrong one again. B. No, it was not the white one.,第三部分：写音标。本部分重点测试考生对音标的掌握。共10个句子，每个句子读两遍。考生需根据所听到的读音把句中有下划线的单词的音标写出来。 Listen to the following sentences and write down the phonetic symbols of the underlined words. Each of the sentences will be read twice.,I bought a new raincoat the other day. /,第四部分：语调群划分。本部分重点测试考生对语调群的掌握。共10个句子， 每个句子读两遍。 考生需根据所听到的用斜线在句中相应的部分标出语调群。 IV. Intonation units. (10 points, 1 point each) Listen to the following sentences and mark ou