my Chapter 1.ppt

1、Introduction,Chomsky （乔姆斯基）,1,Linguistics,Saussure (索绪尔),Halliday （韩礼德）,Bloomfield （布龙菲尔德）,Traditional grammar (Latin grammar, the particular grammar of a language) Universal grammar modern linguistics,语言学:智慧而令人心醉神迷的探索人类从野蛮到文明的进化中所使用的基本武器 语言。 马里奥裴,What is language? How is works? What do all language

2、 have in common? What make language change? ? ? ?,Linguistics is the scientific study of language,Chinese ,English, French, Latin, Japanese Particular language Language in general Scientific?,scientific study systematic investigation,Collect and observe language facts Display similarities Made gener

3、alizations Formulate hypotheses checked proved,Process of linguistic study: Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed; Hypotheses are formulated; Hypotheses are tested by further observations; A linguistic theory is constructed.,The Scope of Linguistics,1. What is defined the

4、study of sentence structure? A. morphology B. Semantics C. phonology D. Syntax 2. The branches of linguistics that studies how context influences the speakers interpreter sentences is called_ Semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics,3. _ studies the total stock of morphemes o

5、f a language, especially those items which have clear semantic reference. A. phonology B. Morphology C. Lexicology D. Lexicography 4. _ deal with how language is acquired, understood and produced. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. Neurolinguistics D. Anthropological Linguistics,5. _ is def

6、ined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. A. Semantics B. Pragmatics C. Cognitive linguistics D. Socio linguistics (2011年真题） 6. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is A. corpus linguistics. B. sociolinguistics. C. theoretical linguistics.

7、 D. psycholinguistics. （2009年真题）,7._ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology. B. Morphology. C. Semantics. D. Sociolinguistics. （2007 真题） 8. Syntax is the study of _. A. language functions B. sentence structures C. textual organization D.

8、word formation （2005 真题）,2. The scope of linguistics,General linguistics(普通语言学): the study of language as a whole从 1.Phonetics 2.Phonology 3.Morphology 4.Syntax 5.Semantics 6.Pragmatics 7.Sociolinguistics 8.Psycholinguistics 9.Applied linguistics 10.Anthropological linguistics, 11 .neurological ling

9、uistics; 12. mathematical linguistics; computational linguistic,Phonetics vs. Phonology（语音学） （ 音位学）,Phonetics: the study of the sound used in linguistic communication (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified; it in concerned with all the sounds t

10、hat occur in the worlds languages.) Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning),Morphology vs. Lexicon（形态学） （词汇学）,Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to for

11、m words (how morphemes are combined to form words) Lexicon： the lexicon of a language is the study of its words and expressions: 1. the form and meanings of words and phrases 2. lexical categorization 3. the appropriate usage of words and phrases 4. relationships between words and phrases, and 5. ca

12、tegories of words and phrases.,Psycholinguistics vs. Neurolinguistics(心理语言学） （神经语言学）,Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind. It concerns the representation of language in the mind, the planning, production, perception and acquisition. Neurolinguistics: th

13、e study of language disorder and relationship between brain and language,Syntax(句法学)*,Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences),Semantic vs. pragmatics,Semantics: the study of meaning i

14、n abstraction Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use rose,Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning,3. Some important distinctions in linguistics, Prescri

15、ptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性 Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） Speech and writing 言语与文字 Langue and parole 语言和言语 Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用,3.1 Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性 描写性,Traditional grammar vs modern linguistics,It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” beh

16、avior in using language, to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.,It aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.,Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时 历时,The description of a language at some point in time,The description of a language as it changes through time.,Mo

17、dern linguistics?,Speech and writing言语 文字,Speech is prior to writing form the point of view of linguistic evolution. ？,Langue and Parole语言 言语,Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community （abstract, stable）,Parole: refers to the realization of langu

18、e in actual use （concrete, variable）,F. de Saussure distinguish langue form parole and made langue his subject of linguistic study.,Langue and Parole语言 言语,Both langue and parole are the subjects of the study of linguistics,Competence vs. performance语言能力 语言行为,the ideal users knowledge of the rules of

19、 his language.,the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication.,N. Chomsky,N. Chomsky distinguished competence from performance and made competence his subject of his study.,Saussure,Chomsky,Langue and parole,Competence and performance,sociological,psychological,Langue is a mat

20、ter of social convention,Competence is a property of the mind,Traditional grammar vs. modern linguistics,Prescriptive Descriptive Written language Spoken language A particular language a universal framework,1. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _. A. Halliday. B. Chomsky. C. Bloom

21、field. D. Saussure.(2006 真题） 2. The distinction of langue and parole is similar to the distinction of _. A. Speech and writing B. Prescriptive and Descriptive C. Synchronic and diachronic D. Competence and performance,4. Language,4.1 The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal

22、 symbols used for human communication.,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,a) System: combined together according to rules b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound

23、for all languages d) Human: language is human-specific,4.2 Design features of language,Why language is human-specific?,Human language is unique,Arbitrariness,Duality,Creativity,Displacement,Unique and Human-specific,Arbitrariness（任意性） Productivity（能产性，创造性） Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性） Displacement（跨时空性，移位

24、性） Cultural transition（文化传递性） The above 5 properties may be taken as the core features of human language.,4.2 Design features of language,Design features refers to defining properties of human language that distinguishing it from any animal system of communication.,sound-image,sense/concept,symbol,4

25、.2 Design features of language,Arbitrariness（任意性）(convetionality) There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopo

26、eic words （拟声词） b) some compound words （某些复合词）,Productivity（能产性，创造性） Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (Creativity or open-endedness) (duality and recursiveness),4.2 Design features of language,Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性） Lan

27、guage is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds which are meaningless. The higher level is morpheme or word (double articulation),4.2 Design features of language,sound-image,sense/concept,Displacement（跨时空性，移位性） Language can be used to refe

28、r to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker (refer to past and future time and to other locations),4.2 Design features of language,Cultural transition（文化传递性） While human capacity for language has a genetic basis (everyone was born with the ability to acquire a language), the d

29、etails of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learnt.,4.2 Design features of language,结绳 岩石 泥胚 壁画 甲骨 羊皮卷 竹简 绢 纸 芯片 1,1,2,3,5,6,7,1. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? (2005 真题） A. Arbitrariness. B. Productivity. C

30、. Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness. 2. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? （2008 真题） A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality D. Diachronicity 3. _ means the lack of relation between the form of something and its expression in sounds. A. arbitrariness B. Abstra

31、ctness C. Ambiguity D. Fuzziness,A Linguistics B The scope of linguistics General linguistics 1.Phonetics 2.Phonology 3.Morphology 4.Syntax 5.Semantics 6.Pragmatics 7. applied linguistics 8. sociolinguistics 9. psycholinguistics 10 corpus linguistics putational linguistics C Some important distincti

32、ons in linguistics Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Synchronic vs. Diachronic Speech and writing Langue and parole Competence and Performance B Design features Arbitrariness Productivity Duality Displacement Cultural transition,Six primary factors of a speech event,Jakobson,context REFERENTIAL （参考的） add

33、resser message addressee EMOTIVE（情感的） POETIC （诗学得） CONATIVE(意动的) contact PHATIC(寒暄的) code METAKINGUAL(元语言的),The Referential Function corresponds to the factor of Context and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the referential function can consist of both definite descriptions and deict