18怀疑与学问

1、18 怀疑与学问,议论文 三要素,中心论点,论证：用论据证明论点的过程。,论据：用来证明和支撑论点的材料。,论点：作者对所论述问题的见解和主张。,分论点,证明 或 补充,事实论据,道理论据,举例论证（例证法）,道理论证（引证法）,比喻论证（喻证法）,对比论证,文体知识,1.理清作者的论证思路，把握文章的中心论点以及各分论点。（重点） 2.领会怀疑精神的实质，学习本文的论证结构，分析论证方法及其在文章中的作用。（重点） 3.在生活学习中，培养多思考、多发问的怀疑精神。（难点）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

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3、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,顾颉刚（18931980），字铭坚，江苏苏州人，历史学家。他是我国“古史辨”学派的创始人，提出了“层累地造成的中国古史”

4、学说，也是我国历史地理学和民俗学的开创者。编有古史辨，著有汉代学术史略三皇考等。,本文选自宝树园文存卷三。1922年，顾颉刚先生到上海任商务印书馆编辑，这段时间他与胡适和钱玄同通过信件讨论群经辨伪问题，开始复兴历史上的疑辨运动，并把儒家的辨伪变成历史家的辨伪。在1923年提出了“层累地造成的中国古史”的学说，引起了一场古史大论战。1926年，顾颉刚把论战双方的文章收集起来，编成古史辨第一册，于是，中国史学界出现了一个以“疑古”为旗帜的古史辨派，怀疑与学问即为此段时间所作。,虚妄（ ） 墨守（ ） 折扣（ ） 停滞（ ） 塾师（ ） 程颐（ ） 譬如（ ） 顾颉刚（ ） 腐草为萤（ ）,wn,m

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7、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,腐草能化为萤火虫。 没有事实根据的。 不用攻击，自己就溃败了。多形容观点、情节等站不住脚，经不起反驳或责问。 识别虚假的，去掉无事实根据的（多指理念或学说）。 旧时指学问渊博的著名学者。 指社会上流行的风俗习惯(含贬义)。,根据词语的意思写出课文中的词语。,【腐草为萤】,【虚妄】,【不攻自破】,【辨伪去妄】,【大儒】,【流俗】,听读课文,1. 课文是怎样提出中心论点的？课文的中心论点是什么？,“学者先要会疑。”程颐 “在可疑而不疑者，不曾学；学则须疑。”张载,引用名言，提出观点：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

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10、精神，也要善于怀疑。既提出了本文的中心论点：做学问“须疑”与“会疑”，同时充当论据，也使文章开头显得活泼有新意，吸引读者的阅读兴趣。,3.找到中心论点统率下的两个分论点。,怀疑不仅是消极方面辨伪去妄的必需步骤，也是积极方面建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件。,分论点一：怀疑是消极方面辨伪去妄的必需步骤（论证：第35段）,分论点二：怀疑也是积极方面建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件。（论证：第6段）,课堂练习： 完成思考探究第二题,中心论点,分论点一,分论点二,治学必须有怀疑精神,怀疑是建设新学说、启 迪新发明的基本条件,怀疑是辨伪去妄 的必要步骤,默读35段，思考：这一部分用了哪些论证方法，有什么

11、作用？,合作探究,（1）举国难危急的时候，各地有许多口头消息的例子,是为了证明别人的传说不一定可靠，引出我们对于传说的话，应当经过一番思考，不应当随随便便就信了。,举例论证,论证了对于传说必须有怀疑精神，并且告诉人们怎样以怀疑精神做学问。,（2）举“三皇五帝”“腐草为萤”的例子,孟子所谓“尽信书则不如无书”，也就是教我们有一点怀疑的精神，不要随便盲从或迷信。,引用孟子的话，进一步论述怀疑精神的重要性，使论证更有说服力。,道理论证,第四段“我们信它，因为它是；不信它，因为它非”,从正反两方面说理，阐明“我们对于传说的话，不论信不信，都应当经过一番思考，不应当随随便便就信了”的原因。,对比论证,网

12、上流传在纸上画电路图也能点亮灯泡？是真的吗？,趣味小实验,课堂小结,2.怀疑也是一门学问，盲目的怀疑不仅不能起到积极的作用，还可能造成负面的影响。,1.学问是从怀疑中来的，没有怀疑就没有学问。所以在做学问的时候我们一定要保持一定的怀疑态度。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才