如何做定性研究-Qualitative-research

1、Qualitative Research13th of March,Qualitative Research,“You can learn a lot just by watching”,MAKING SENSE OF OTHERS REALITY,THE INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM,The interpretive approach argues that research should explore “socially meaningful action through the direct detailed observation of people in natura

2、l settings in order to arrive at understandings and interpretations of how people create and maintain their social worlds” (Neuman, 1997:68). We use “ methods that try to describe and interpret peoples feelings and experiences in human terms rather than through quantification and measurement” (Terre

3、 Blanche wife/husband, Therapist/disabled, etc.,Qualitative Research Goals,Meaning: how people see the world Context: the world in which people act Process: what actions and activities people do Reasoning: why people act and behave the way they do,Maxwell, 2005,Phases in Qualitative Research,Concept

4、ualize and plan studyUse literature,formulate study purpose or question, identify study site,settings where/how data collection will occur, participants and entre to setting,Start study with concurrent data collection and analysis. Analysis focused on identifying themes and categories- similarities

5、in data. Question or purpose may emerge and be refined. Data collection strategies may change,Sampling and data collection determined by theoretical saturation. Analysis based on narrative description,Goal: Access the participants world to keep you focused silence and patience balanced with keeping

6、the interview going redirect long-winded tangents back to your line of focus,After the Interview: Writing up the Interview and,Summary and notes of main points Verbatim transcripts (dont let them pile up) Ideas tentative pieces of analysis Methodological difficulties Personal emotional experience Re

7、sponding to interviewee requests; emotional issues?,The Three-Interview Series(Seidman, 1998),Interview One: Life History Interview Two: Details of the Experience Interview Three: Reflection on the Meaning,Data Collection Methods: In-depth Interviews,Some studies cannot employ the participant observ

8、ation method E.g., Desrochess study of bank robbers In-depth interviews allow participants to describe their experiences and the meaning of events taking place in their lives Verbatim quotes capture the language and meaning expressed by participants Interviews are flexible and allow for probing Inte

9、rview method is quite diverse, adaptive,In-depth Interviews (contd),Spradley three key elements for the interview method to be successful Explicit purpose researcher and informant are aware that the discussion has a purpose Ethnographic explanations researcher tries out explanations on the participa

10、nts to see if they make sense Encourage the informants to use colloquial language, and teach the researcher its meaning,In-depth Interviews (contd),Ethnographic questions include: Descriptive questions ask participants to describe their experiences (e.g., their ideas, circumstances, viewpoints, dile

11、mmas, etc) Structural questions ask participants how they organize their world (e.g., activities) Contrast questions ask participants what is meant by specific terminology Prus & Grills stress the value of the interview method in a multi-method approach,Data Collection Methods:Focus Group Interviews

12、,Interview format, but in a group setting 6-12 participants with common experience Dates back to the 1940s used to assess effectiveness of morale-boosting radio shows 1970s onward used by market researchers 1980s onward used by academics Transcript of discussion is the data Plus accompanying notes U

13、se content analysis or grounded theory approach to analyze the data,Focus Group Interviews (contd),Strengths: Open-ended question Spontaneously deal with issues as they arise Cost-effective method of collecting data Less time-consuming Weaknesses: One or two participants may dominate Not done in a n

14、atural setting, so little “observation” to help understand the experience of the participants,Telephone Interviews,Advantages: Combo of face-to-face personal quality with impersonal self-administered questionnaires Inexpensive and convenient (maybe) Safe for interviewers,Telephone Interviews, cont.,

15、Disadvantages: Changing demographics more cell phones? May miss certain population segments Survey must be short or people will hang up “No Call Lists” presenting increasing challenge,Method to enhance the validity & reliability of qualitative research Enhances accuracy of interpretation Confirms th

16、at the data collected is not due to chance or circum-stances,Qualitative Research Methods:Triangulation,Collect data from multiple sources Collect data in multiple ways from subjects Collect different kinds of data in multiple ways from multiple subjects,For example: May interview teachers, principa

17、ls & parents May interview & observe students May review student records, interview teachers, observe students,Qualitative Research Methods:Triangulation,Qualitative Research Methods:Triangulation,Mixing Methods/Qual-quant,Three purposes (Sandelowski): Triangulation convergent validation Complementa

18、rity clarify, explain, elaborate Development guide additional data collection,Resources(Kuh & Andreas, 1991),Recording devices Transcribing equipment Software packages for analyzing Member checks participants Space Time,The Data Generally collected in the form of field notes, diaries audio & video tapes, copies of documents, narrative descriptions,Analysis Some form of analysis usually takes place at the same time data is being collected Researcher seeks to identify patterns