管理学英文原版7.ppt

1、Lesson Seven Types of plans,Each plan at a given organizational level serves two functions: it provides a means for achieving the objectives outlined in the plans at the next higher level; it also provides the ends or objectives for the plans at the next lower level in the organization.,The hierarch

2、y of plans can be divided into three broad groups: goals, single-use plans, and standing plans.,Goals are the broad ends of the organization toward which the more detailed single-use and standing plans are directed.,Single-use plans, as their name suggests, are developed to achieve a specific end; w

3、hen that the end is reached, the plan is dissolved.,Standing plans, on the other hand, are designed for situations that recur often enough to justify a standardized approach.,7.1 Goals,goals provide the basic sense of direction for the organizations actives. They consist of the purpose, mission, obj

4、ectives, and strategies of the organization.,Purpose. The purpose of an organization is its primary role as defined by the society in which it operates. It is therefore a broad aim that applies not only to that organization but to all organizations of its type in that society.,Mission. The mission o

5、f an organization is the broad, unique aim sets the organization apart from others of its type. It is the broadest aim that the organization choose for itself.,Objectives. An organizations objectives are those ends that it must achieve in order to carry out its mission. Objectives are by nature more

6、 specific than mission statement.,Strategies. Strategies are broad program for achieving the organizations objectives and thus implementing its mission.,7.2 Single-use plans,Single-use plans are used to carry out courses of action that probably will not be repeated in the same from in the future.,Pr

7、ograms. A program is a single-use plan covering a relatively large set of activities. The program shoes: (1)the major steps required to reach an objective, (2)the individual or organization responsible for each step, and (3) the order and timing in which the steps will be completed.,The program may

8、be accompanied by a budget or a set of budgets for the activities required. Projects. A project is a single-use plan that consists of the same steps as a program but does not cover as large a set of activities.,Budgets. Budgets are statements of the financial resources set aside for carrying out spe

9、cific activities.,7.3 Standing plans,Standing plans are used wherever an organizational activity occurs repeatedly, because they enable a single decision or set of decisions to guide those repeated actions.,The major types of standing plans are policies, procedures, and rules.,Policies. A policy is

10、a general guideline for decision making. It sets up boundaries around decisions, including those that can be made and shutting out those that cannot.,Policies are usually established formally and deliberately by top managers of the organization.,These managers may set a policy because: (1) they feel

11、 it will improve the effectiveness of the organization; (2) they want some aspects of the organization to reflect their personal values (for example, dress codes); or (3) they need to clear up some conflict or confusion that has occurred at a lower level in the organization.,Standard procedures. A procedure provides a detailed set of instructions for performing a sequence of actions that occurs often or regularly.,The procedure for all clerks who handle merchandise returned under that policy might then be a series of steps like this: (1) smile at custom