国际交流英语视听说4U7

1、,Unit,7,Mind and Memory,Book 4,Think and Discuss,Viewing the World,Exploring the Theme,Analytical Listening,Sharing Your Ideas,Engaging,Further Listening,Content,Think and Discuss,Unit 7 Mind and Memory,Questions,In Thailand, an elephant uses a paint brush and his trunk to paint a picture.,1. How do

2、 animals show intelligence? Give examples. 2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence? 3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Example Answers Animals show intelligence when they learn new behaviors such as opening jars or using sign language. Some apes use simple tools to a

3、chieve things, and animals learn and remember lessons based on positive or negative results.,Questions,1. How do animals show intelligence? Give examples.,Example Answers Humans show intelligence by not repeating mistakes, by learning languages, by using tools and inventing new things, and by making

4、 complex calculations.,Questions,2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence?,Example Answer 1 I do think I have a good memory because I can remember things from the past that my friends or family members may have forgotten. Im also good at remembering information for tests.,Questions,3. Do

5、you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Example Answer 2 I dont think I have a good memory because I often forget to buy things at the store, and its hard for me to remember phone numbers.,Questions,3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Exploring the Theme,Unit 7 Mind and

6、 Memory,A | Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions.,The human brain is able to hold incredible amounts of information. Scientists believe that most memories are stored in the hippocampus, shown here in orange.,Mind and Memory,There is no doubt that animals have brains,

7、but are they intelligent? Scientists are researching this subject and have discovered that some animals may be smarter than we think. For example, this giant octopus can use tools. These canaries can grow new brain cells to learn new songs.,Mind and Memory,Alexandra Pauly practices her violin for on

8、ly 45 minutes a day, but she can play most of the music from her memory. “I feel good when I can play a challenging piece by heart,” she says.,Mind and Memory,Discuss the questions. 1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why? 2. What other animals may use tools? 3. How do hu

9、mans use their memories? Give some examples.,Mind and Memory,Example Answer 1 Its interesting to me that memories are stored in the hippocampus, which is only a small part of the brain, because memories are so important to us for learning.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most

10、interesting to you? Why?,Example Answer 2 Its interesting to me that animals such as the octopus or the canary show signs of intelligence because some animal behaviors do seem quite clever.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?,Example Answer 3 Its inte

11、resting to me that the violin player can memorize her music in such a short time because I play a musical instrument too, but it takes me much longer to memorize a piece of music.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?,Example Answers Chimpanzees use sto

12、ne hammers to open nuts and twigs to extract termites. Gorillas use walking poles to measure water depth. Elephants use branches to scratch their backs or swat flies away. Dolphins use sponges to uncover prey on the ocean floor and also to protect their beaks from getting hurt.,Mind and Memory,2. Wh

13、at other animals may use tools?,Example Answers Humans use their memories in a number of ways. Some examples include learning skills, remembering people and places, and telling stories.,Mind and Memory,3. How do humans use their memories? Give some examples.,Analytical Listening,Unit 7 Mind and Memo

14、ry,Listening 1,underestimate v. 低估；看轻 Diane Willberg 黛安娜维尔贝格（ 人名） bird-brained a. 笨的；愚蠢的 Samantha Bean 萨曼莎比恩（人名） adjacent a. 邻近的 Matthew Leonard 马修伦纳德（人名）,Listening 1,Ren Descartes (15961650): a French mathematician, philosopher, and writer. He promoted the development of a new science grounded in o

15、bservation and experiment. His works on both mathematics and philosophy persist to the present day. He is often called the “father of modern philosophy”. 勒内笛卡尔,Predicting Content. Discuss the questions with a partner.,Listening 1,1. You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 1

16、01. In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence? 2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?,Betsy, the Border Collie ( 边境柯利牧羊犬),Alex, the African Gray Parrot,Listening 1,Example Ans

17、wers The parrot may have learned to talk, or it may recognize certain people. The dog may know how to herd sheep, or it may obey commands from its owner.,1. You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 101. In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?,

18、Listening 1,Example Answers The intelligent animal with a brain larger than a humans might be an elephant or a whale.,2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read the question

19、s and answer choices. Then listen to a TV show about intelligent animals and choose the correct answers.,A TV Show,Listening 1,1. Which statement best describes recent ideas regarding animal intelligence? a. Scientists are comparing intelligent animals to machines. b. Scientists no longer want to st

20、udy animal intelligence. c. Scientists are no longer underestimating animal intelligence.,c,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,2. According to Diane Willberg, how do parrots and crows demonstrate intelligence? a. Parrots can speak, and crows can understand abstract concepts. b. Crows can make

21、 tools, and parrots can understand abstract concepts. c. Parrots can see colors, and crows can recognize tools.,b,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,3. According to Samantha Bean, how does her dog Betsy demonstrate intelligence? a. Betsy is able to recognize objects in pictures. b. Betsy is a

22、ble to recognize herself in pictures. c. Betsy is able to recognize objects adjacent to their pictures.,a,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,4. According to Matthew Leonard, what animals have self-awareness? a. Humans, elephants, apes, dolphins. b. Humans, apes, dolphins, dogs. c. Humans, ele

23、phants, birds, dogs.,a,B | Note-Taking. Listen again and complete the notes with information from the TV show.,Beliefs about animal intelligence: Descartes: Animals are _ _ Scientists today believe _ _ Exs. of mental skills of animals: Good memory, _ _ _,Listening 1,beings without minds / biological

24、 machines,humans have been underestimating animals,the ability to understand symbols, awareness of self, understanding others motives, imitating voices, and showing creativity,B | Note-Taking.,Diane Willberg: Parrots: _ 1. Shows parrot 2 green objects. Parrot says _ 2. Shows parrot 2 balls. Parrot s

25、ays _ Crows lab experiment: 1. D.W. puts a _ in a bottle 2. The crow _,Listening 1,understand abstract concepts,color,shape,piece of meat,makes a hook from metal wire to get meat,B | Note-Taking.,Samantha Bean: In one room _ In another room _ S.B. shows Betsy _ Betsy _ S.B. believes this shows _,Lis

26、tening 1,200 pictures,200 objects,a picture,gets the corresponding object,abstract thinking,B | Note-Taking.,Matthew Leonard: Self-awareness is _ _ Exs. of self-awareness: humans, _ _,Listening 1,ability to recognize self in the mirror,elephants, dolphins, apes,Listening 1,A | Critical Thinking. For

27、m a group with another pair of students. Discuss the questions.,1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not? 2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example A

28、nswer 1 I think studies about animal intelligence are probably funded by universities or perhaps by animal conservation groups. I do think these studies are useful because increasing our knowledge about animals could have a positive effect on the way theyre treated by humans.,1. Who do you think fun

29、ds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 2 I dont think these studies are useful because they dont help people in any way.,1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful

30、? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 1 I do believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they are using reasoning. Theyre not simply trained to do tricks.,2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?,Lis

31、tening 1,Example Answer 2 I dont believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they dont have nearly the amount of intelligence as humans, so they dont invent anything new and theyre not creative.,2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly

32、 intelligent? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Critical Thinking Focus Questioning Results At times, we may hear information that we think is not believable or reliable. In these situations, we should question the results or conclusions of the speaker. We can ask ourselves these questions: Who completed

33、this research? Could this person be biased? Are the researchers conclusions logical? Do the results make sense? Did the experiment follow proper scientific procedures?,Narrator: The French philosopher Ren Descartes, who lived in the first half of the 17th century, believed that animals were beings w

34、ithout minds. According to his philosophy, animals were simply biological machines, that ismachines that could live and breathe, but not think on their own. In recent years, however, weve seen a move away from this idea. Today many scientists believe humans have been underestimating animals. New stu

35、dies show that animals have a variety of mental skills, such as a good memory, the ability to understand symbols, and an awareness of self. Some animals can even understand others motives, imitate voices, and show creativity. How do scientists prove whether animals have the capacity to think intelli

36、gently?,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: On todays program, Amazing Science interviewed three people who work with some of the worlds most intelligent animals. Diane Willberg is a scientist who has done important research involving birds and thinking. Most people think that birds are, well, bi

37、rd-brained, which is to say not very smart. But do birds have higher mental skills? Diane: Well, for one thing, Ive found that crows are able to use tools, and they can actually make the tools themselves. For another, my research shows that parrots understand abstract concepts such as shapes and col

38、ors. Each of my parrots is very special. Perhaps the most intelligent one is named Alex. When I show him two green objects and say the two words “What same?”, he answers “color”.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Diane: If I show him a basketball and a baseball and ask “What same?”, he says “shape”. I th

39、ink this illustrates the ability to use the abstract concepts of shape and color. Crows are also very intelligent animals, too. In my laboratory, we conduct an interesting experiment. In a bottle, just out of reach of the crow, we put a piece of meat. Beside the bottle we put a thin piece of metal a

40、bout the length of a pen. The metal is flexible, and the crows first bend it to shape it into a kind of hook, which they then use to pull the meat from the bottle. Its really clear from research that these birds are learningtheyre showing clear signs of intelligence, and they know how to figure thin

41、gs out.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: A wide range of animal studies confirms that animals can learn and change. This skill is best illustrated by dogs. Samantha Bean owns a Border Collie named Betsy. Betsy can remember and recognize over 200 objects, and frequently performs on television.

42、But how did the dog learn to do this? Samantha: Well, in one room we have pictures of 200 objects, and in an adjacent room we have the 200 objects themselves. First, I show Betsy a picture, then she goes into the next room, chooses the corresponding object, and then brings it back to me. She can do

43、this for all 200 objects. Recognizing an object in a picture is clearly a type of abstract thinking.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: Theres one animalthe dolphinwho has a brain thats even larger than a human brain. But does that mean that they are more intelligent than humans? Researcher Matt

44、hew Leonard explains. Matthew: I dont think theyre smarter than humans, but all of our dolphins are very intelligent. Along with humans, elephants, and apes, dolphins exhibit self-awareness. That is to say, when they look at themselves in a mirror, they see the image and can interpret that they are

45、looking at themselves.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: Whether or not animals are intelligent is a question that scientists will study for years to come. But after hearing about the amazing things that animals can do, its clear that were only just beginning to learn about the animals on our p

46、lanet. Coming up next on Amazing Science ,Listening 1,Listening 2,aptitude n.（ 尤指学习方面的）天资，资质 virtually ad. 几乎；差不多 unprecedented a. 空前的，前所未有的 Connecticut 康涅狄格州（美国东北部州） epilepsy n. 癫痫 ethical a. 合乎道德的 loci n. （locus 的复数形式） （某事存在或发生的）地点，场所,Listening 2,William Scoville (19061984): a brain surgeon in the

47、 U.S. state of Connecticut. In 1953, he attempted to relieve Henry Gustav Molaisons epilepsy with brain surgery, but instead caused damage to Molaisons brain which resulted in a memory disorder. 威廉斯科维尔,Listening 2,Sherlock Holmes: a character in a series of crime stories. He was created in 1887 by A

48、rthur Conan Doyle, a Scottish doctor and author. The character is famous for his work as a “consulting detective”, a private citizen who could solve crimes and other problems with his brilliant observation and reasoning skills. The character has featured in many books, movies, and television shows.

49、夏洛克福尔摩斯,Listening 2,This artist helps solve crimes by drawing pictures of criminals. She bases her drawings on memories of people who saw the crime happen.,Self-Reflection. Form a group with two or three other students and discuss the questions.,Listening 2,1. What are some of your earliest childhoo

50、d memories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not? 2. When was the last time you had something to eat? What did you eat? What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you can remember. 3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things? What are they?,Example Answer 1 Some of

51、my earliest childhood memories took place in the apartment where my family lived. I can remember the bed I slept in, for example, and looking for things in my mothers dresser drawer. The memories seem clear to me, perhaps like short video clips, but there is little context. I cant remember what else

52、 was happening at the time.,Listening 2,1. What are some of your earliest childhood memories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not?,Example Answer 2 The memories dont seem clear to me. They seem confusing.,Listening 2,1. What are some of your earliest childhood memories? Do the memories seem cle

53、ar to you or not?,Example Answer 1 I had a large salad for dinner this evening, and for lunch I had some chicken with vegetables. For breakfast I had a cup of coffee and a cereal bar. Last night I had pizza for dinner, but I cant remember yesterdays lunch or breakfast.,Listening 2,2. When was the la

54、st time you had something to eat? What did you eat? What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you can remember.,Example Answer 2 Today, I had rice and two dishes for lunch, and for breakfast, I had a glass of milk and some bread. Last night I had hot pot, and for yesterdays lunc

55、h, I had a bowl of noodles. I can still remember I had a glass of soybean milk and a cake for yesterdays breakfast. But for the day before yesterday, I cant remember what I had eaten.,Listening 2,2. When was the last time you had something to eat? What did you eat? What about the time before that? C

56、ontinue and see how far back you can remember.,Example Answer 1 Yes, I do. When I meet someone for the first time, I try to focus on that persons name. I imagine that the person is my future boss, or in some other way important to me, and that helps me to remember. Another trick I have is to associate a phone number, for example, with a sentence that contains the numbers.,Listening 2,3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things? What are they?,Example Answer 2 No, I dont have any trick