专转本英语语法2-定语从句和名词性从句.ppt

1、English Course,Grammar- Part II.,Lecture 2,第一节 从句概述 从句部分是一个重要的英语理论问题，也是一个非常复杂的语法现象。不仅在单项选择题会有考题，而且会大量的出现在阅读理解的句子中，直接干扰对阅读中句子的理解；也会大量出现在完形填空、翻译考题中；写作中也需要对于从句知识的熟练掌握，这样才能自如地写出长句，增加写作的表达效果。 从句从宏观上分为定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句，在这些概念之下可再做细分。,第二节 定语从句 一. 定语从句相关概念理解 1. 定语从句、先行词、关系词（关系代词、关系副词） 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)

2、在句中做定语，一般修饰名词或代词的,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 其中关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as等； 关系副词有：when, where, why 等。Eg： He saw the managers talking with somebody whom he didnt know. People who have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.,The news whic

3、h I am going to tell you about is rather serious. He will always remember the day when/on which his father return from America. To most people, cities have been the areas where there was a concentration of culture, as well as opportunity.,2. 限定性定语从句 具有两个特点： 在形式上，从句与被修饰的名词之间通常没有标点符号相隔； 意义上，从句必不可少，否则，

4、被修饰的名词性质将无法确定。 The automobile industry is manufacturing a new type of motors that will consume less gasoline and cause much less pollution. The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. People who exercise most may live longer.,3. 非限定性定语从句 同样具有两个特点： 在形式上，从句与被修饰的名词之间必须用逗号隔开；

5、在意义上，从句只是意义上的进一步补充和说明，并不影响被修饰的性质界定。缺少该从句，先行词依然性质确定。 In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia. The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained. I have a sister, who is a surgeon.,I met your friend who was staying in Paris. I met your mother, who

6、was staying in Paris. This is the wall which they built last week. This is the Great Wall, which is world- famous.,二 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1. who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (w

7、ho/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (whom/that在从句中作宾语),2. which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，Eg： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作zhu语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to

8、 come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语),3. 当先行词是物时，关系代词that, which 使用的特别规定 1）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a）在there be 句型中 b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时 I am interested in all that you have told me. The reference book contains little that is useful. c）先行词有the

9、only, the very修饰时。 Food is not the only problem that such a population explosion presents. d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时 This is the best article that has ever been written on the subject. e）先行词既有人，又有物时。,2）不用that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。Eg： The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. （错） b） 介词后不

10、能用。Eg： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。,三. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，Eg： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地

11、。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?,四. 如何判断关系代词与关系副词 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错: This is the mountain village where I visited last year. I will never forget the days whe

12、n I spent in the countryside. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one,Multiple Choice,Translation Exercises,1. 在很多连锁超市通常都能看到墙上窗户上都贴着小告示。 2. 任何违法法律的人都要受到惩罚。 3. 闪光的不一定都是金子。 4

13、. 他竟然考试不及格，真是出乎意料。 5. 他似乎没理解我的意思，这样我心烦。 6. 她做了很多人梦寐以求的事。 7. 始终真诚待你，从未以谎言背叛友谊的朋友才是真正的忠诚的朋友。 8. 他悉心养大的儿女结果却忘恩负义。,第三节 名词性从句 名词性从句是指具有名词功能的从句，主要包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句；引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 1 连词：that; whether, if（表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）;as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上三种连词在从句中均不充当任何成分 2 连接代词：what, whatever, wh

14、o, whoever, whom, whose, whichever, whomever 3 连接副词：when, where, how, why, how many, how much,一. 名词性从句分类：按充当成分划分 （一）主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。 例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet

15、 been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 That she is still alive is her luck.他还活着全靠运气。,二）宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1.that-宾语从句 例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are goo

16、d in nothing.,2. wh-宾语从句 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： She always wonders how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 3.介词后的宾语从句 Whether he can succeed depends on how well we coopera

17、te. He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.,4. 动词+it+that结构的宾语从句 这类常见的表达有：have it that说；insist on (或upon)坚决主张，坚决要求；make it clear that表明；see to it that 确保；take it that 认为；等等。如： I take it that you dont want to do it, but you have to. I shall see to it that he is taken good car

18、e of when you are absent. He has made it clear that he wont agree to the plan.,（三）表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如： The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如： The re

19、ason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。,（四）同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、wor

20、d等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting. I have no idea when he will come back home. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。,同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句连词 that 只是连接作用，相当于“冒号” 定于从句 that 为关系代词，从当句子成分 具体区别如下： 1 从句的作用不同： 同位语的名词表示同位名词的具体内容；定语从句是对先行词的限制，描述或说明。 The news that

21、 our team has won the game was true. The news that he told me yesterday was true. The fact that he betrayed their friendship made her sad. The fact that we learnt may not be fit for the presence.,2 引导词不同： what, how, whether 等不能引导定于从句 如： That question whether we need it has not been considered. 3 引导词

22、的作用不同： 同位语中 that不从当成分，定于从句中是句子的一部分 如： The news that got around the town made us happy. The news that he came back made us happy.,it作形式主语或宾语，代替that从句 That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： - It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： （1） It + be +形容词+

23、that-从句 It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显,（2） It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that众所周知 It has been decided that已决定 （3） It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that是常识 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that事实是 （4） It

24、 +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起,if和whether的区别 （1） 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 （2）在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如： I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 （3）在介词后，只能用whether。如： His father is worried about

25、 whether he lose his work . （4）宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如： Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。 （5）用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如： Could you tell me if you know the answer ?,Multiple Choice,Translation Exercises,1. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 2. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 3. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 4. 所需要的

26、是变更土地所有制。 5. 那就是他昨天和我说的。 6. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 7. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 8. 这个计划是否可行还有待验证。 9. 他们正调查的问题是这个人时候值得信任。,第四节 状语从句,由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词、整个句子。状语修饰除名词以外的各种成分，在句子中的各个位置都可以出现，所以掌握起来难度很大。它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。因故，状语从句包括9种，意义覆盖范围非常广，这是状语难掌握的另一个原因，所以，大家对于征服状语从句应该有一个必要的心理准备，找重点来一一练习，绝

27、对不能急于求成。 状语从句是完型和翻译部分的热点，应作充分准备。,一时间状语从句 （一）连接词 表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等引导。如： - I will call you as soon as I get to Shanghai.（我一到上海） - You seem to have a

28、 ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.（每逢我问你问题） - No sooner had I gone to bed （我刚一上床）than I went to sleep.,（二）when的重要句型 表示对所描述的事件予以引人注目的强调，意为“这时；突然”。大致有以下三种情况： 1. when 从句句前面的分句使用过去进行时。如： - He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. 他正笑着的时候，门突然开了，他妻子走了进来。 2. when 从句前面

29、的分句使用 was （were） about to， was （were） on the point 等。如： - We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要出发就开始下雨了。 3. when 分句之前的分句用过去完成时，其中 sb had hardly / scarcely /barely when 已成为固定词组。如： - We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡，铃声就响了起来。,（三）特殊连接词 特殊连接词有the moment, the instant, th

30、e minute, the day, next time, every time 等。 The day he received his diploma, he was a father of four children. Next time you come, please bring your daughter.,（四）as, when, while 区分 这几个词都有“当时”的含义。 as强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”，如 - As I was going out, it began to rain. as 有“随着”的含义，如As he grew older, he lost inter

31、est in everything except gardening. when 则强调特定时间; while 强调“同一时间”或“一段时间”，如 - While I was eating my breakfast, I heard the telephone ring.,二原因状语从句“因为，既然，由于” 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，完型里，注意两个：now that（=since既然），in that（因为） 1. Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents

32、 help. 既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。（适用于完型部分，不适用于翻译，因为翻译中，我们可以用since替代now that） 2. He didnt attend the negotiation in that he was ill. 他因为有病，没有参加谈判。（适用于完型，翻译中会被because替代，达不到考察in that的效果。）,三地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。（注： wherever和whenever对应，汉语理解“任何地点”；“任何时候”，很多同学不习惯为什么where后面加上一个ever，从汉语意思大家可以

33、看出，ever是用来强调的，再看下面例句，来增强一下认识） 1. Sit wherever you like. （爱坐哪，就坐哪随便坐） 2. where引导的句子非常复杂，因为它有可能还引导定语从句、名词性从句，考生要能正确区分。,四目的状语从句“以便，以防，以使” 引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有“情态”动词，汉语角度理解（举例）：“你说的清楚点，这样我们就能听懂你说的话。”或者“你开得快点，这样我们就能赶上飞机了。”这两句话里面都有情态动词“能”，这个能就是表示“目的”的，这是大家将来判断是否用so that的一个标志）, in order that

34、, in case（以防，以免）等。 1. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.（以便他们就能听懂你说的话）这个是翻译重点句。 2. He left early in case he should miss the train.（in case在翻译里考过，将来要注意完型里是否会再次出现）,五结果状语从句“所以” 结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that等引导。 1. She was ill, so that she didnt

35、attend the meeting. （完型） 2. He was so excited that he could not say a word. （完型） 3. She is such a good teacher （她是一个非常好的老师）that everyone admires her.（完型、翻译）在翻译里，后面有that，前面的答案一定要配套出现such，如果直接翻译成She is a very good teacher就是错的了。完型里，也是，注意such that是配套的。另外，会有干扰项so，这个时候要知道such后面接名词“such a good boy”，so后面接形容

36、词，副词。如“so good”。,六条件状语从句“如果，只要，假如” 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 1. You may borrow the book as long as you keep it clean.（只要你能保持它的清洁） 2. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. 3. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.（完型：固定搭配，选conditio