语言学pragmatics的课件

1、Pragmatics,Flower,1,学习交流PPT,I. Introduction,2,学习交流PPT,What is pragmatics?,Pramatics can be defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.,Why do we need pragmatics since we have grammatical analysis?,3,学习交流PPT,After we have done grammatical analysis of a sentence, there is sti

2、ll some aspect of meaning uncovered by our analysis.,Example: The grammatical analysis of He went to town yesterday does not tell us who he is, which town or when yesterday. In other words, there are still things undetermined.,4,学习交流PPT,Depending on the context, he can be anybody, any male. Town can

3、 refer to any place big enough to be called town. And yesterday can refer to any day in the past. As a result, the sentence must have performed many functions.,5,学习交流PPT,From this brief discussion, we can see that the context of a situation in which a sentence is used contribute a lot to its meaning

4、 which cannot be accounted for in pure grammatical analysis.,6,学习交流PPT,II. Context 2) Illocutionary Act: the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it; 3)Perlocutionary Act: the bringing about of effects on the audience

5、 by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.,24,学习交流PPT,Example:,Suppose the speaker says Its cold in here. Its locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning its cold in here. Its illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to

6、shut the window and its perlocutionary act can be the hearers shutting the window or the refusal to comply with the request.,25,学习交流PPT,The locution of an utterance is actually its literal meaning. The illocution of an utterance is the speakers communicative intention or the function it is intended

7、to perform. The perlocution of an utterance can be as the same as the illocution when it is recognized and satisfied, or very different from it when it is not recognized or when it is ignored. For example, when the illocution is an invitation, the perlocution can either be an acceptance or a refusal

8、, depending on social and personal factors.,26,学习交流PPT,a. Illocutionary acts,27,学习交流PPT,What speech act theory is most concerned with is the illocutionary acts. It attempts to account for the ways by which speakers can mean more than what they say. It is also designed to show coherence in seemingly

9、incoherent conversations.,28,学习交流PPT,Ex. A: Thats the phone.(1) B: Im in the bathroom.(2) A: Okay.(3) This seemingly unconnected conversation is very coherent on a speech-act level, and that in saying things people are in fact doing things.,29,学习交流PPT,b. Types of illocutionary acts,30,学习交流PPT,Searle

10、 suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: Assertives （陈述） Directives （指令） Commissives（承诺） Expressives （表达） Declarations （宣布）,31,学习交流PPT,Assertives,Sentences that commit the speaker to the truth of sth. Typical cases are I think the film is moving and Im certain that he had got i

11、t. The degree of commitment varies from statement to statement. The commitment is small in I guess hed got it but very strong in I solemnly swear that he had got it.,32,学习交流PPT,Directives,Sentences by which the speaker tries to get the hearer to do sth, I beg you to give me some advice and I order y

12、ou to leave right now are both attempts to get something done by the hearer. Among the verbs that can denote this group are ask, request, plead, entreat, command, advise, etc.,33,学习交流PPT,Commissives,Sentences that commit the speaker to some future action. Promises and offers are characteristic of th

13、is group. Interestingly, warning is also a commissive, as If you smoke again Ill beat you to death, because it also commits the speaker to doing sth.,34,学习交流PPT,Expressives,Sentences that express the speakers psychological state about sth. Verbs typically used for this category are thank, congratula

14、te, apologize, welcome, deplore and so on.,35,学习交流PPT,Declarations,Sentences that bring about immediate change in the existing state of affairs. As soon as an employer says to an employee You are fired, the employee loses his/her job. Verbs often used for declarations are name, christen, nominate, p

15、oint, declare , etc.,36,学习交流PPT,c. Indirect speech acts,37,学习交流PPT,One group of sentences which speech act theory is concerned with are those sentences that perform one illocutionary act indirectly by performing another, that is, INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS.,38,学习交流PPT,Can you pass the salt, please?is both

16、 a question about the hearers ability to pass the salt and a request of him to pass the salt. The problem here is how it is possible for the speaker to say one thing and mean something else, and how it is possible for the hearer to understand the indirect speech act. It is suggested that in cases li

17、ke this much is relied on the shared background information and the general powers of rationality and inference on the power of the hearer.,39,学习交流PPT,Ex. X: Lets go to the movies tonight. Y: I have to study for an exam. In order to work out that Ys utterance is a refusal, X has to go through a proc

18、ess of inference like this. I have make a proposal to Y and a relevant response must be one of acceptance or rejection or further discussion. But his reply was none of these, so his illocution must be different from the literal meaning. I know that studying for an exam takes a lot of time and going

19、to movies also takes a lot of time. He probably cannot do both in one evening. Probably his primary illocutionary act is to reject my proposal.,40,学习交流PPT,In practice, no one would consciously go through this process; but this is supposed to be in the way indirect sppech acts work. Requests are ofte

20、n performed indirectly. Their indirectness has certain characterstics that tend to group sentences of request into the following types:,41,学习交流PPT,Group 1,Sentences concerning the hearers ability to do sth.: ex. Can you run another 5,000 meters? Could you run away from the talons of the chengguan?,4

21、2,学习交流PPT,Group 2,Sentences concerning the speakers wish or want that the hearer will do sth.: I would like you to fetch my cellphone from the company. I would appreciate if you could save a seat for me. Id rather you didnt be late any more. Id be very much obliged if you would go to the Qixia Mount

22、ain with me.,43,学习交流PPT,Group 3,Sentences concerning the hearers doing sth.: Would you kindly get off my foot? Wont you stop making that noise?,44,学习交流PPT,Group 4,Sentences concerning the hearers desire or willingness to do sth.: Do you want to go to the library with me now? Would it be convenient f

23、or you to come over to play Sanguosha, the boardgame on Friday afternoon? Would it be too much trouble for you to take my bag back?,45,学习交流PPT,Group 5,Sentences concerning reasons for doing sth.: You should write to them every now and then. Must you make that noise whenever you are reading? Youd bet

24、ter book the tickets 2 weeks in advance.,46,学习交流PPT,Sometimes we have sentences that have more than one of these elements, with one inside another: Would it be too much trouble if I suggested that you could possibly make a little less noise?,47,学习交流PPT,d. Difficulties in speech act theory,48,学习交流PPT

25、,Often an utterance does not perform only one act, but two or three acts, and it is not always easy to decide what act or acts an utterance performs. Ex. If a mother says to a child Is that your coat on the floor?,49,学习交流PPT,Sometimes two unrelated acts are performed by one utterance and it is left to the hearer to choose. Ex: A: They say its the cleve