西方语言学简史5.ppt

1、,Selected Readings For a Short History of Western Linguistics,Revision,A dominant feature of the medieval period in Europe was the important place occupied by Latin in the educational system.,The 13th century was the period of the scholastics, who set out to reduce all sciences, including grammar, t

2、o a set of propositions whose truth could be demonstrated conclusively by deduction from First principle.,We named the grammatical studies of the late medieval period speculative grammar conducted by scholastics.,Teaching goal of this section,The characteristics of Renaissance and humanism 2. The gr

3、ammatical studies in Renaissance period 3.Grammar-study and language-purifying in France,Renaissance classical antiquity vernacular catalyst genre French Academy,Petrarch 彼特拉克 (13041374) an Italian poet whose best known works include the Canzoniere , a collection of poems, mostly sonnet s , about hi

4、s love for a woman named Laura Port-Royal波尔罗瓦雅尔 Cicero 西赛罗 / ssr (10643 BC) a Roman politician who was known as an orator (= someone who is good at making speeches ) and is considered to be one of the greatest Latin writers,Erasmus 伊拉斯莫 (14661536) a Catholic Christian writer, teacher and priest, bor

5、n in the Netherlands (Holland). He believed that the Catholic Church should become more simple, and that people should have a clearer understanding of the New Testament. His ideas had an important influence and helped to start the Reformation Hebrew 希伯来语 Jewish Dante但丁 (12651321) an Italian poet who

6、 is known especially for writing La Divina Commedia ( The Divine Comedy ), a long poem about a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. It is one of the most important works of European literature.,Virgil 维吉尔 Virgilian (7019 BC) an ancient Roman poet whose best-known poem is The aeneid , a long

7、epic poem telling the story of how Aeneas left the city of Troy and eventually arrived in Italy Richelieu 黎塞留 (15851642) a French cardinal (= a Roman Catholic priest of the highest rank ) who was also the chief minister of France and had a lot of influence with King Louis XIII. He is known especiall

8、y for destroying the political power of the Huguenots , and is thought of as a typical example of someone who uses his influence with a ruler to achieve great power.,Aeneas / nis / in ancient Greek and Roman stories, a Trojan leader who escaped from Troy after it was captured by the Greeks and went

9、to Carthage, where he met Dido. He later went to Italy where he became the ancestor of the Romans. Aeneid , Iliad , Trojan War,The Renaissance and after,Barbarism VS humanism The language of the schoolmen in Medieval period was ridiculed as “barbarism” by Petrarch, who claimed that the language then

10、 wasnt in line with Ciceros usage-the model of good Latin. The ideal of “humanism” was also derived from Cicero.,罗马最杰出的演说家、法学家、作家。 在以修辞、法学和哲学而著称的 斯多噶学派所办的学校接受教育。 在法庭上精彩的辩护为他赢得了声名， 并成为罗马的执政官。因对恺撒的养子的不恭， 被其处决，并将头和手示众。 他的典雅的拉丁文体促进了拉丁文学的发展， 进而影响了罗马以及后来欧洲的教育。,The synonym with “civilization” and opposed t

11、o “barbarism” .,彼特拉克13041374） 文艺复兴第一个人文主义者， 被誉为“文艺复兴之父”。 他以其14行诗著称于世， 为欧洲抒情诗的发展开辟了道路， 后世人尊他为“诗圣”。 1340年，因为用拉丁语写作的 阿非加利，彼特拉克同时 收到巴黎和罗马欲欲授予其 桂冠诗人的荣誉的邀请。 他与但丁、薄伽丘齐名， 文学史上称他们为“三颗巨星”。,1327年，在Sainte-Claire教堂 爱上了出演Rimesparse （“离散的旋律”）的罗拉，此后 用意大利语写下366首爱情诗， 描绘萝拉的形体之美， 刻画自己复杂的内心活动， 描写了“永恒的诗化了的爱之痛”。 取名为歌集。,我爱

12、上帝， 但我也瞒着他悄悄爱你。 你免子般闪忽的眼睛永远为自己准备好了后路。 我在溪边、河畔追忆你，责怪你： 其实我对你比你的血液对你更温存，更不敢冒犯， 你的提防将我变成一只惊恐的小鹿。 我已放弃了再与你见面的希望，在阳光中， 月桂树温暖的阴影悄悄把我稀释。,彼特拉克语录 我是一个凡人，我只要凡人 的幸福。“ “我爱她的灵魂，也爱她的肉体”,人文主义是文艺复兴时期欧洲资产阶级的思想和世界观。 基本内容是： 一以人性反对神性； 二以个性解放反对禁欲主义； 三以理性反对蒙昧主义； 四拥护中央集权；反对封建割据。,The important role of classical texts in Me

13、dieval Period Holding that the literature of classical antiquity was the source of all “civilized” values, the Renaissance scholars devoted themselves to the collection and publication of the texts of the classical authors. And the invention of printing in the 15th century facilitated the wide and r

14、apid expansion of accurate original Greek and Latin texts.,The Grammar Studies in Renaissance Period,Classical original text become the source of admiration and imitation, which triggered the function of grammar as a aid to the writing of good “Latin”.,Erasmus wrote A Latin syntax based on Donatus.,

15、A catalyst of the Renaissance, fostering the “new learning”. By ridiculing superstition and reviving sound learning and teaching in an innovative manner, he hoped to eradicate abuse by the Church and civilize society by educational reform.,Latin was certainly the focus of intense studies; and Greek

16、also became the object of investigation; Hebrew, a newly-accessible language, was attached much attention to.,the language traditionally used by the Jewish people,The language and literature of the 3 cultures that the humanists handed on to succeeding generations.,“希伯来”意为“土生土长的以色列人”，属闪含语系，没有元音，只有22个

17、辅音字母，从右往左书写。 今主要保留在圣经和犹太教法典及文献之中。公元前70年，罗马人毁掉了犹太人的都城耶路撒冷。 犹太人流落世界各地,使用寄居国的语言，致使希伯来语作为口语逐渐消失（但作为书面语继续存在）。 19世纪,犹太青年耶胡达认为为了民族延续和复兴，犹太人必须重说希伯来语。 据19161917年间统计，巴勒斯坦地区8.5万犹太人中有3.4万人把希伯来语当做第一用语。,The emergence of vernacular languages 1.Vernacular languages attracted the attention of scholars even before th

18、e Renaissance. 2. With the Renaissance, interest in the vernacular languages developed enormously, and grammars were written in great numbers.,However, the emergence of vernacular language didnt weaken the primacy of “written texts”: Language still means the language of literature; and literature ,w

19、hen it became the object of academic study in the schools, continued to mean the work of the “best author” writing in the accepted genres Dante in that of the Virgilian epic Milton in a more Homeric strain; Racine in the vein of Sophocles, etc.,索福克勒斯，古希腊三大悲剧诗人之一，传世之作有埃阿斯、奥狄浦斯王,Studies on Grammar in

20、France,Port-Royal Grammar in France The ideal of “speculative” grammar were revived in France by the teachers of Port Royal. 1660 saw the publication of General Rational Grammar, the aim of which was to reveal that the structure of language is a product of reason, and that the different languages of

21、 men are but varieties of a more general logical and rational system.,普遍唯理语法的书名中，一个是“普遍”，一个是“唯理”。这表明了作者的立场：要写的不是一部法语语法，也不是一部局限于某几种语言的语法，而是一部适用于任何一种语言的语法理论著作。作者的理论基础是唯理主义，唯理主义哲学认为语言是人类理性的产物。而人类的理性是共同的，所以语言和语法也有共性。这就是唯理主义的普遍语法。不同语言的语法从表面上看很难找到系统的共性，可是用思维的科学逻辑却可以系统的解释语言的共性。,普遍唯理语法也叫波尔.罗瓦雅尔语法，这是因为两位作者与波

22、尔.罗瓦雅尔女修道院有着密切的关系,他们生活在波尔. 罗瓦雅尔修道院附近，并自称为乡村波尔.罗瓦雅尔先生，所以他们的著作往往加上“波尔.罗瓦雅尔”的名称，表明作者属于波尔.罗瓦雅尔学派或教派。,普遍唯理语法是西方第一部语法理论著作，也是传统语法的经典理论著作。唯理语法的基本原理后来被不断重复、调整，并以“普通语法”的名义出现在欧洲各国。第一版在1660年出版。从17世纪后半叶到19世纪初期一直是语法学界权威性的经典著作。直到19世纪历史比较语言学兴起，普遍唯理语法才渐渐黯淡。在60年代初，Chomsky宣称普遍唯理语法是转换生成理论的先驱，并在其著作中反复颂扬。这样，从60年代起，这部历史名著

23、又引起语言学界的广泛重视。,The Port-Royal grammar exerted immense influence both In France and abroad, and “the Age of Enlightenment” was to see the publication of many such works. But, in Lyons opinion, all these “rational” grammars worked within the confines of the classical tradition and Produced no new lingu

24、istic theories.,启蒙运动是启迪蒙昧，提倡普及文化教育的运动。是文艺复兴的继续和发展，同文艺复兴相比，（1）在反封建方面，文艺复兴侧重思想意识、伦理道德范畴；而启蒙运动侧重政治制度和政权性质方面。 （2）反教会方面。文艺复兴主要揭露中世纪天主教会的腐化，谴责修道院戕害人性的罪恶，要求进行宗教改革，废除烦琐的宗教仪式，提倡比较简便的礼仪。启蒙运动则把反教会提高到自然神论和无神论的高度。,（3）在思想内涵上，文艺复兴反对禁欲，要求个性解放，执着尘世，面向现实。启蒙时代则转移到提倡“自由、平等、博爱”等政治原则方面。 （4）在文艺风格上，启蒙时期的现实主义，是文艺复兴现实主义的继续和发

25、展。不仅仅限于刻画人物和表现情节，而具有更多的政论性，作品语言不要求诗化，而是富有逻辑性，启发性、战斗性的政论性或哲学文章，具有纯理性特点。,French Academys role in following the classical tradition of keeping language purified French Academy was charged with the task of establishing authoritatively the vocabulary and grammar of French since its foundation in 1637 by

26、Richelieu.,在红衣主教黎塞留的提倡下， 1635年成立法兰西学院。学院成员共40名，为终身制，一个院士逝世，另选一个递补。因此被称为“不朽者”。拉辛、拉封丹、孟德斯鸠、雨果、梅里美、小仲马等都曾入会，成为 “不朽者”。主要工作有： 1).负责编纂法语辞典，从17世纪至今，共出版过8种版本,最新版第9版自1992年开始编纂，约2100年克问世。 2).颁发道德及文学奖。,1582年，意大利的佛罗伦萨就成立了旨在净化意大利语的秕糠学会，并在1612年出版了有名的秕糠学会词典。秕糠，就是秕子和糠皮，是谷子里没用的东西，也可以说是糟粕。用“秕糠”作为学会和字典名，意思是要从文学语言中清除那些

27、不纯的成分。 不久法国成立了法兰西学院.,“民族国家利益至上” 在国内提倡民主和宽容， 对外交往中奉行弱肉强食的达尔文主义。 其指导思想是国家利益高于一切。,The French grammarians task is to describe “good usage”, the language of those educated people and writers who write “pure” French, and to defend this “good usage” from “all causes of corruption, such as the invasion of t

28、he vocabulary by foreign words, technical words, slang and those barbarous expressions which are constantly being created to satisfy the dubious needs of trade, industry, sports, ads etc; as for the rules of grammar, they should derive from the” natural tendencies of the human mind”.,French grammari

29、ans defined “grammar” as “the art of speaking and writing correctly”, which is an expansion for its Greek etymological meaning “the art of writing correctly”.,There exists no official body whose function it is to legislate authoritatively about English usage. Nevertheless, the literary and philosoph