实用土木工程英语-中国建材工业出版社-Unit17-Contracts

1、Specialized English for Civil Engineering,实用土木工程专业英语 中国建材工业出版社,Unit 17 Contracts 第十七章 合同,Main contents,Text ACivil Engineering Contracts 土木工程合同 Translate some important sentences 翻译句子 Special difficulties 难点讲解 Translation Skills -流畅表达与“翻译腔” Writing Skills -简洁的表述,Text ACivil Engineering Contracts,Tra

2、nslate Text A into Chinese.,A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties, whereby one of the parties undertakes to do something in return for something to be undertaken by the other. A contract has been defined as an agreement which directly creates and contemplates

3、 an obligation. The word is derived from the Latin “contractum”, meaning drawn together. 一个简单的协议合同由两个或两个以上的缔约方签订，据此合同双方中的任何一方均承担义务。合同被定义为直接达成有关责任和义务的协议。这个词来源于拉丁语“contractum”，意为“聚集一起”。,We all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply of goods, transportation and similar services, and in al

4、l these instances we are quite willing to pay for the services we receive. Our needs in these cases are comparatively simple and we do not need to enter into lengthy or complicated negotiations and no written contract is normally executed. Nevertheless each party to the contract has agreed to do som

5、ething and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement. 我们几乎每天都要就物资供应、运输和类似的服务等事项签订合同，在这些情况下我们愿意支付我们得到的服务。这时我们的需求是比较简单的，因此我们不需要进行复杂冗长的谈判，通常不用履行书面合同。尽管如此，合同各方要履行义务，如果某一方未能履行协议规定的义务就被视为违约。,It is sufficient in order to create a legally binding contract, if the part

6、ies express their agreement and intention to enter into such a contract. If, however, there is no written agreement and a dispute arises in respect of the contract, then the Court that decides the dispute will need to ascertain the terms of the contract from the evidence given by the parties, before

7、 it can make a decision on the matters in dispute. 如果双方达成签订这样一个合同的意向，就足以制定具有法律约束力的合同。然而如果没有书面协议，当合同纠纷出现时由法院进行裁决；裁决纠纷的法院在就争议事项作出判决前，需要根据当事人提出的证据查明合同的条款。,On the other hand if the contract terms are set out in writing in a document, which the parties subsequently sign, then both parties are bound by th

8、ese terms even if they do not read them. Once a person has signed a document he is assumed to have read and approved its contents, and will not be able to argue that the document fails to set out correctly the obligations which he actually agreed to perform. Thus by setting down the terms of a contr

9、act in writing one secures the double advantage of affording evidence and avoiding disputes. 另一方面，如果合同条款在双方随后签署的书面文件中提出，那么即使双方不阅读这些条款也被视为接受这些条款。一旦某人在合约上签字，就可以认定他已经阅读并同意合约的内容，并且不能抗辩该合同内容所规定的义务非他本人意愿。因此签订书面合同条款具有提供依据和避免纠纷的双重优势。,The law relating to contracts imposes on each party to a contract some leg

10、al obligations to perform or observe, and gives to the other party the right to enforce the fulfillment of these terms or to claim “damages” in consequence of the breach of contract. 与合同相关的法律强制要求合同各方必须履行相应的法律义务并遵守合同规定，合同给予其中一方在对方违约时提出索赔要求的权利。,Most contracts entered into between civil engineering con

11、tractors and their employers are of the type known as “entire” contracts. These are contracts in which the agreement is for special works to be undertaken by the contractor and no payment is due until the work is complete. 大多数由土木工程承包商和业主之间签订的合同被称为“完整”合同。这类合同是为承包商承担的专门工程而签订的，直到工程竣工才付款。,In an entire c

12、ontract, where the employer agrees to pay a certain sum in return for civil engineering work, which is to be executed by the contractor, the contractor is not entitled to any payment if he abandons the work prior to completion, and will be liable in damages for breach of contract. Where the work is

13、abandoned at the request of the employer, or results from circumstances that were clearly foreseen when the contract was entered into and provided for in its terms, the contractor will be paid as much as he has earned. 在完整合同中，业主同意为承包商实施的土木工程项目支付一定金额，如果承包商在工程竣工前中断工程，他将得不到任何付款并承担违约损害赔偿。合同签订并规定相关条款：若工程

14、应业主要求或因清楚可预见的情况中断，那么承包商仍将被支付他应得的工程款。,It is in the employers interest that all contracts for civil engineering work should be entire contracts to avoid the possibility of work being abandoned prior to completion. However, contractors are usually unwilling to enter into any contracts, other than the v

15、ery smallest, unless provision is made for interim payments to them as the work proceeds. For this reason the standard form of civil engineering contract provides for the issue of interim certificates at various stages of the works. 土木工程的合同都应该是完整合同以避免工程竣工前被中断，这符合业主的利益。然而除了非常小的合同，承包商通常不愿意签订任何这样的合同，除非

16、合同制定了随着他们的工程进展分期支付的条款。因此标准的土木工程合同规定了在工程的不同阶段出具临时出资证明书。,It is customary for the contract further to provide that a prescribed proportion of the sum due to the contractor on the issue of a certificate shall be withheld. This sum is known as “retention money” and serves to insure the employer against a

17、ny defects that may arise in the work. The contract does, however, remain an entire contract, and the contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work is satisfactorily completed, the maintenance period expired and the maintenance certificate issued. 按照合同常规，合同中还应该规定应由承包商支付特定比例的金额

18、的保函应被（业主持有）。这笔款项被称为“保证金”，以确保业主在工程可能出现的不合格时，其权益得到保护。然而合同仍然是一份完整合同，承包商直到工程圆满竣工，渡过维护期和签署维修证书才能获得全额工程款。,The employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which defined the obligation and performances to which the contractor will be subject. Any contracto

19、r who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter. 土木工程项目业主或发包商通常决定承包商要承担的义务和工作的合同条件。投标成功并签订合同的承包商在法律上被认为是自愿接受发包方提出的合同条件。,The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits

20、 a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the is stated by the promoter to be subject to formal contract as is often the case. 承包商提交标书后承担的义务是由招标的方式决定的。在大多数情况下投

21、标可在任何时候被撤回直到它被接受，即使是发包方在正式合同里表明接受投标，它也有可能被撤回，这是常有的事。,The employer does not usually bind himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender and this is often stated in the advertisement. A tender is, however, normally required to be a definite offer and acceptance of it gives rise legally to a binding

22、 contract. 业主一般不受报价最低的投标者的约束，实际上不受任何投标者的约束，而且这通常在标书中已经写明。然而投标通常需要提供明确的报价，接受报价增加了合同的法律约束力。,A variety of contractual arrangements are available and engineer will often need to carefully select the form of contract which is best suited for the particular project. The employer is entitled to know the re

23、asoning underlying the engineers choice of contract. 工程师有多种合同安排可以选择，他们通常需要精心挑选最适合该工程的合同形式。业主有权知道工程师选择哪种合同的理由。,Types of contract are virtually classified by their payment system: price-based: lump sum and admeasurement (prices or rates are submitted by the contractor in his tender); cost-based: cost-

24、reimbursable and target cost (the actual incurred by the contractor are reimbursed, together with a fee for overheads and profit). 根据支付体系合同可分为下面类型： 基于价格：一次总付合同和计价合同（价格或利率是由承包商在投标时提出）； 基于成本：费用偿还合同和目标成本合同（偿还承包商实际花费，连同管理费和利润）。,Translate some important sentences 翻译句子,(1) In general, English law requires

25、 no special formalities in making contract, but, for various reasons, some contracts must be made in a particular form to be enforceable and, if they are not made in that special way, then they will be ineffective. (2)Once a person had signed document, he is assumed to have read and approved its con

26、tents, and will not be able to argue that the document fails to set out correctly the obligations which he actually agreed to perform.,(3) The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. (4) The employer does not usually bind

27、 himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender and this is often stated in the advertisement. (5) A variety of contractual arrangements are available and engineer will often need to carefully select the form of contract which is best suited for the particular project.,Keys： (1)一般来说，英国法律对签订合同没有规定

28、特殊的程序，但是由于各种原因，有的合同必须按照有法律效力的程序签订，如果不按照这种特殊程序，它们就失去了法律效力。 (2)一旦某人在合约上签字，就可以认定他已经阅读并同意合约的内容，并且不能抗辩该合同内容所规定的义务非他本人意愿。 (3)承包商提交标书后承担的义务由招标的方式决定的。 (4)招标方一般不受报价最低的投标者的约束，实际上不受任何投标者的约束，而且这通常在标书中已经写明。 (5)工程师有多种合同可以选择，他们通常需要精心挑选最适合该工程的合同形式。,Special difficulties 难点讲解,1 The law relating to contracts imposes o

29、n each party to a contract some legal obligations to perform or observe, and gives to the other party the right to enforce the fulfillment of these terms or to claim “damages” in consequence of the breach of contract. 译文：与合同相关的法律强制要求合同双方必须履行相应的法律义务，遵守合同规 定，同时合同赋予双方在对方违约时提出索赔要求的权利。 impose on意思是“把强加于”

30、“利用”。例如： There is a set of official augmented reality technologies that will allow us to see the information that humans impose on and decode from the physical world. 一套官方讨论的现实技术可以让我们看到人类强加的信息并从现实世界中进行解码。,2 It is in the employers interest that all contracts for civil engineering work should be entir

31、e contracts to avoid the possibility of work being abandoned prior to completion. 译文：所有的土木工程合同都应当是不可分合同，以防止完工前工程被中断，这符合招标方的利益。 prior to意思是“在之前”“比在先”。例如： Some teams estimate the size of all of the items in their backlog prior to any development. 有些团队在任何开发开始之前都要对订单中所有条款的范围进行评估。,3 The employer is entit

32、led to know the reasoning underlying the engineers choice of contract. 译文：招标方有权知道工程师选择合同的理由。 is entitled to意思是“有权利”。例如： The company is entitled to retain the testing rights to determine whether the damage of the item results from misuse. 本公司有权保留鉴定权，以确定出现问题的商品是否因使用不当而造成损坏。,Translation Skills,流畅表达与“翻译

33、腔” 由于分属不同语系，英语与汉语在遣词造句方面有较大的差异。“翻译腔”是指在英汉翻译过程中，由于英文的先入为主，译者的思维很容易受到影响，导致译文过分西化。这里又回归到翻译的通顺标准。在忠实的基础上译文还应该做到语言精简、文理通顺，符合汉语习惯，因此“翻译腔”是译者要注意避免的。,【例1】An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part

34、of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same function. 原译：城市的学校通过使用挡墙把自己隔绝在城市以外，而乡村的学校却能发展成景观的一部分，即使两者实现同样的功能。,原句的逻辑顺序基本和汉语一致，因此理解上没有太多困难。原译基本符合句子意思，但读起来略微拗口，因此在用汉语表述时，需要稍微调整语序。可考虑改为： 城市和乡村的学校都具有同样的功能，但城市的学校却用光秃秃的墙壁把自己隔绝在城市以外，而乡村的学校却可能发展成为景观的一部分。,【例2】The master builder concerned with

35、the building as a shelter is no longer an individual; Instead, his work is done by a team of several specialists: the planner, the architect, the engineer, and the builder. 原译：关注作为遮风避雨的建筑物的主要营造者也不再是一个单独的个体；相反是由多个专家组成的小组：规划师、建筑师、工程师和建造者。,汉语较少使用长句，将多个定语并排修饰一个词的情形也比较少见。因此考虑将句子拆开，译为几小句。 改译：房屋的建设者关注的是具有遮

36、风避雨功能的建筑。他也不再是一个单独的个体，而是包括了规划师、建筑师、工程师和施工者在内的专业人员小组。,Writing Skills,简洁的表述 简洁是英语的灵魂。行文简洁可以提高信息密度，这对科技文章尤为重要，因为读者可以将注意力放在最有价值的信息上。 【例1】It is a problem which is difficult in character and delicate in nature. 这个句子用了不同的词表示相似的含义（character和nature），而且定语从句的使用也没有什么必要。可考虑改为：It is a difficult and delicate probl

37、em.,【例2】This lab has realized its transformation of computerization. 虽然名词化结构可以使文章更为正式，但过度使用则会使句子变得冗长。因此，结合具体情况可以考虑将名词转化为相应的动词，例如：achieve the modernization可以简化为modernize；realize the mechanization可以简化为mechanize。 因此例2建议修改为：This lab has been computerized.,以下句子也有名词化过度使用的问题： This test is performed for the development, application, examination and analysis of the construction material. 可考虑用动词简化为：This test is performed to develop, apply, examine and analyze the construction material.,【例3】Engineers in this research work are very go