（individual）分析为重点使用抽象、演绎的方法.ppt

1、9/4/2020,The Marginalist School- Forerunners,Group 11: 刘玮晔 郝玉婷 杨文静 肖文彦 2012.9.27,9/4/2020,Content,Introduction 刘玮晔 Antoine Augustin Cournot 郝玉婷 Jules Dupuit 杨文静 Johann Heinrich von Thnen 肖文彦,9/4/2020,Introduction,Presenter: 刘玮晔,9/4/2020,Defination: In economics，marginalism as a kind of economic theo

2、ry stems from marginal utility and marginal cost Main originators: William Stanley Jevons(杰文斯) Carl Menger (门格尔) Leon Walras (瓦尔拉斯) Develop different schools In common: put forward marginal utility theory of value Innovation: Use of commodity use value to explain the exchange value 利用商品的使用价值来解释交换价值,

3、MARGINALISM,使用价值作为商品的一种品质，是商品拥有交换价值必不可少的特征与先决条件但是由于使用价值是一个被认为无法测度的特征因而未被用于解释交换价值 边际理论的关键是商品的使用价值不仅是可以被测度的而且随商品消费数量的增加而递减。商品的交换价值取决于所消费的最后一个单位带来的使用价值也就是边际效用,9/4/2020,BACKGROUND,economic and social problems cropped up in the wake of the industrial revolution Poverty is common though labor productivity

4、 developed Unfair distribution of income and wealth Economic fluctuation caused by unstable life,Solutions to the problem in Europe The development of the socialist Support for trade unionism Strengthen government management,尽管古典经济学家的价值和分配理论不准确，政策主张正确 捍卫市场配置和分配 反对政府干预、谴责社会主义、试图阻止劳动者工会主义,9/4/2020,MET

5、HODOLOGY,注重边际量与理性经济行为 以微观经济（individual）分析为重点 使用抽象、演绎的方法，拒绝历史方法 强调完全竞争 需求导向的价格理论 强调主观效用和均衡分析方法 融合土地与资本品，将地主所得的报酬与利息理论放在一起 主张最小政府干预,Inheritance and supplement Completely free competition Theory of factor of production The liberal economy policy,9/4/2020,CONTRIBUTION,Use mathematical tools to analysis

6、economic problems Demand factor and individual decision making Clearly define the foundation of economic analysis of the basic assumptions Through the partial equilibrium analysis to simplify analysis and do further research Micro economic analysis is an important supplement for macro analysis,MARGI

7、NALISM,伯努利 （Daniel Bernoulli） 加里阿尼 （Ferdinando Galiani） 安德森 （James Anderson） 威斯特 （Edward West） 李嘉图 （David Ricardo） 马尔萨斯 （Thomas Robert Malthus） 安东尼奥古斯丁古诺（Antoine Augustin Cournot） 朱尔杜皮特 （Jules Dupuit） 杜能 （Johann Heinrich von Thnen）,Marginal analysis,价值利息与边际分析 伯努利（Daniel Bernoulli，1700-1782）在1738年发表的

8、题为“测定风险新理论之解说”的论文中提出了风险厌恶、边际效用以及边际效用递减的思想，所说的风险包括在赌博、保险业和投资等各项事业在内。 加里阿尼（Ferdinando Galiani）在其名著货币论中最早提出了效用和稀缺性共同决定价值的原理，以及把资本利息归结为不同时间和地点的货币价值的差额。,级差地租论与边际分析 安德森（James Anderson）最先提出了级差地租基本原理，从而把边际分析引进了地租学说，但其分析缺乏必要的价值理论基础。 威斯特（Edward West）在他的地租论中提出了“最后的或获利最少的资本部分”，即边际资本的概念，以之作为级差地租论的一个前提，但其分析仍缺乏必要的

9、价值理论基础。 李嘉图是把地租论中的边际分析与劳动价值论联系起来的第一人 马尔萨斯的地租的性质与发展把安德森的边际分析原理纳入地租理论，并同供求价值论联系起来，但他的目的与安德森却截然相反。,同劳动价值论相结合的方向,Marginal analysis,Cournot Jules Dupuit Johann Heinrich von Thnen,用数学方法研究和表述了在不同条件下价格决定的条件 财富理论的数学原理之研究 研究实际经济问题和政策抉择中运用了边际效用原理和方法 公共工程效用的测量 论通行税和运输费用 用边际分析的方法分析了分配问题，最先把边际原理广大到包括地租、利润和工资理论在内的

10、全部分配理论 孤立国,Exponents The firms are economically rational, seeking to maximize profit given their competitors decisions.,9/4/2020,9/4/2020,Profit Maximizing Duopolists,Quantity,0,Costs and,Revenue,There are two firms: A and B. This picture shows Firm A. If Firm B produces nothing, Firm As demand is D

11、emand1. It produces the monopoly output. If Firm B begins to produce, Firm A will respond by producing less. If Firm B produces even more, Firm A will produce even less. The bigger is Firm Bs output, the smaller is Firm As production.,Demand2,Demand3,9/4/2020,Duopoly,Firm As production,Firm Bs produ

12、ction,Firm As reaction curve,Firm Bs reaction curve,Firm Bs monopoly output,Firm Bs duopoly output,Duopoly,Cournot showed that the output will be higher and the price will be lower in duopoly than in monopoly. A Cournot equilibrium becomes more similar to the competitive equilibrium the more firms t

13、here are, and the better substitutes their products are for one another. Cournots solution to this duopoly problem is the same as the solution now called Nash Equilibrium in modern game theory.,9/4/2020,“Seeing Cournot as a precursor, and Nash as a successor, required that both be interpreted in a m

14、anner that rendered them consonant, so that, even though Nash had never read Cournot, we could still thereafter speak of the Cournot-Nash equilibrium.” -Robert Leonard,9/4/2020,Jules Dupuit,Presenter: 杨文静,Biography,He was born in Fossano, Italy he studied in Versailles - winning a Physics prize at g

15、raduation. He then studied in the Ecole Polytechnic as a civil engineer. He received a Lgion dhonneur in 1843 for his work on the French road system, and shortly after moved to Paris. He also studied flood management in 1848 and supervised the construction of the Paris sewer system. He died in Paris

16、.,Contributions,Works: On Tolls and Transport Charges On the Measure of the Utility of Public Works Ideas: Demand Derived From Marginal Utility Relative Utility - Consumer Surplus Price Discrimination,Demand Derived From Marginal Utility,His 1844 article was concerned with deciding the optimum toll

17、for a bridge. It was here that he introduced his curve of diminishing marginal utility.,Demand Derived From Marginal Utility,Demand Derived From Marginal Utility,Thus, the concept of diminishing marginal utility should translate itself into a downward-sloping demand function. In this way he identifi

18、ed the demand curve as the marginal utility curve. This was the first time an economist had put forward a theory of demand derived from marginal utility. Although not the first time that the demand curve had been drawn, it was the first time that it had been proved rather than asserted.,Relative Uti

19、lity - Consumer Surplus,Dupuit went on to define relative utility as the area under the demand/marginal utility curve above the price. A measure of the welfare effects of different prices concluding that public welfare is maximized when the price (or bridge toll) is zero. This was later known as Mar

20、shalls consumer surplus.,Relative Utility - Consumer Surplus,Price Discrimination,E,E,9/4/2020,Johann Heinrich von Thnen,Presenter: 肖文彦,Johann Heinrich von Thnen约翰海因里希冯杜能,(24 June 1783, 22 September 1850),German agriculturalist best known for his work on the relationship between the costs of commodi

21、ty transportation and thelocationof production. Main Contribution: The Isolated State in Relation to Agriculture and Political Economy.(1826) 孤立国和农业同国民经济的关系,Background,In 1803, Thnen met the famous agricultural theorists Ritter, who had a great effect on his research of whole agriculture. Then he ra

22、n the manor himself, and he later wrote the “isolated state” based on this experience. In 1810 Thnen began gathering data for the book for which he is remembered, The isolated state”(1826). In it he imagined an isolated city.,The isolated state,Agriculture Location Theory Income Distribution Theory,

23、Agriculture Location Theory(农业区位理论）,Assumptions: The city is located centrally within an Isolated State. The Isolated State is surrounded by wilderness. The land is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains. Soil quality and climate are consistent. Farmers in the Isolated State transport their

24、own goods to market via oxcart（牛车）, across land, directly to the central city. There are no roads. Farmers behave rationally to maximize profits.,Agriculture Location Theory,L: Locational rent ( in DM/km2 ) Y: Yield ( in t/km2) P: Market price of the agricultural product (in DM/t ) C: Production cos

25、t of the agriculture product (in DM/t ) D: Distance from the market ( in km) F: transport cost ( in DM/t * km) Transportation cost - distance & kind of products,L = Y * (P C)- Y * DF,“Economic man”(Adam Smith),Agriculture Location Theory,Land surfaces Transport costs,“Economic man”(Adam Smith),L = Y

26、 * (P C)- Y * DF,Agriculture Location Theory,“Economic man”(Adam Smith),L: Locational rent 50,000 DM/km2 Y: Yield 1000 t/km2 P: Market price 100 DM/t C: Production cost 50 DM/t D: Distance from the market 0 km F: transport cost 1 DM/(t * km),L = Y * (P C)- Y * DF,Agriculture Location Theory,“Economi

27、c man”(Adam Smith),L: Locational rent 40,000 DM/km2 Y: Yield 1000 t/km2 P: Market price 100 DM/t C: Production cost 50 DM/t D: Distance from the market 10 km F: transport cost 1 DM/(t * km),L = Y * (P C)- Y * DF,Agriculture Location Theory,“Economic man”(Adam Smith),L: Locational rent 20,000 DM/km2

28、Y: Yield 1000 t/km2 P: Market price 100 DM/t C: Production cost 50 DM/t D: Distance from the market 30 km F: transport cost 1 DM/(t * km),L = Y * (P C)- Y * DF,Agriculture Location Theory,The amount each farmer is willing to pay for agricultural land will shrink and the price will eventually decline

29、.,L: Locational rent DM/km2 Y: Yield 1000 t/km2 P: Market price 100 DM/t C: Production cost 50 DM/t D: Distance from the market km F: transport cost 1 DM/(t * km),L = Y * (P C)- Y * DF,Agriculture Location Theory,The cultivation of one kind of agricultural product is only worthwhile within certain distances from the city. For each product there