4-语态变化.ppt

1、Among the eight translation techniques, there exist one called “the change of the voices”. Actually, the passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the pas

2、sive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the passive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive

3、sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.,the change of the voices（语态变换法）,A . 把被动语态译成汉语被动句 1) The company was enjoined禁止from using false advertising. 这家商号被

4、禁止使用虚假广告。 2) Up to now, sulphur硫磺dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants. 到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。,TIP:当句中不出现行为主体时，有时可以在谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义,3) All around, the hill were black with oil, and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周，由于蒙上了一层油，山峦是黑色的，有的山峦则被天然气

5、和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。 4) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。,TIP: 在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字,在这类句子中，在“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字后面，在动词前面，有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。,使用“是的”、“为所”句型 “是的”、“为所”这些句子着重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什么地点做的等等。例如：,5) Poets are born, but orators are made. 诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。 6). F

6、ootprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down. 沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。（喻“不身体力行不足以成事”） 7). In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency失去勇气,失望of the unsuccessful career. 近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。,8) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles. 运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。 9) T

7、he details of the facade fs:d (房屋的)正面will be further fitted up to match the interior. 铺面将进一步加以装修，使之与室内装饰浑然一体。,使用“加以”、“予以”字样 表达被动含义。,1). His pride must be pinched.捏, 掐, 夹, 拧 他这股傲气应该打下去。 2).The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果

8、是，机械力代替了人力。,B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句,当英语被动句中的主语是无生命的名词，而且句中一般没有由介词by引导的行为主体时，这种句子常常可译成汉语的主动句，而不需加什么词。,当被动句中有地点状语，由介词“by”引导的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时，有时可把这种状语译成主语，将介词省略，而把原主语译成宾语，这样，就更符合汉语的习惯。如例2,C. 把被动语态译成汉语无主句,1). Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with. 有了钱，就会以钱谋权。 2). If water is heated, the

9、molecules move more quickly. 如果把水加热，水分子就运动得更快。,D. 习惯译法,1). Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.白日梦,幻想 有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。,英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法： 在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 用“据”等短语译出,2). It is esti

10、mated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计，美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。,英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比比皆是，汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中的主语从句译在宾语的位置上，而把it做形式主语的主句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如：,英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由tha

11、t引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法： 在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 用“据”等短语译出,More examples: 1. This seems most effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequences in the future. 【结构分析】本句应先译by supporting这个方式状语，再译主句This seems

12、mostly effectively done. 【参考译文】给某些与当前目标无关但在将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。,2. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. 【结构分析】被动结构new sources o

13、f energy must be found 应译为主动。 【参考译文】我们必须要找到新地能源，但这需要时间；而过去我们感到地那种能源廉价而充足的情况，将不大可能再出现了。,3. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty rears or so at the present rate of use. 【结构分析】本句中地被动结构可以根据汉语的习惯直接以为被动句。 【参考译文】石油供应可能随时被切断；不管

14、怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。,4.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 【结构分析】本句中的被动语态也可以直接译成汉语的被动语态。 【参考译文】工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。,5. And it is imagined by many t

15、hat the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes (of the scientists), and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. it is imagined by many that = many imagine that be compared with 可以直接译为：“与.相比较”，因为“与被比较”在汉语里显然是错误的。 第三个被动结构后面虽然有介词by引导动作发出者，但简单

16、地交换主语和宾语的位置显然行不通，这种情况通常是由于词的使用造成的，要考虑英汉结构的不同。 【参考译文】许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比，他们还以为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,It is generally accepted that 一般认为；大家公认 It is alleged that 人们断言 It is asserted that 有人主张（断定） It is understood that 人们理解；不用说,It must be realized that 必须了解（认识、明白） It is said that 据说；一般认为 It is

17、suggested that 有人建议,It is believed that 据信；人们（大家）相信 It is claimed that 有人（人们）主张；人们要求 It is declared that 据宣称；人们宣称 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It is estimated that 据估计（推算） It has been found that 已经发现；实践证明,It must be kept in mind that 必须记住 It is known that 众所周知；大家知道 It has been objected that 有人反驳 It

18、 is predicted that 据估计；据预计 It is reported that 据报道；据报告说,The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from “Apollo”. 有人看见码头工人正从“阿波罗”号轮船卸化肥。 2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts. 芬兰贸易代表团受到同行们的热烈欢迎。 3. Our reasonable price has already been accepted by Sears, which will lead to furth