英语语言学实用教程课件13u.ppt

1、Chen XinrenAn Introduction to English Linguistics,精品课程“英语语言学” http:/www. 天空教室,Course objectives:,- mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed, how language operates, how language is used to do things, how language is acquired or

2、learnt, how language varies according to the user or the situation, etc.;,- improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language;,- preparation for further study and research about language.,Textbook and reference books,陈

3、新仁，英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版社，2007。 戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，新编简明英语语言学教程（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，2002。 丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要，上海外语教育出版社，2001。 胡壮麟主编，语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001。 Yule, G. The Study of Language 语言研究. 外语教学与研究出版社，2000.,Course outline,Lecture 1: Introduction to the course Lecture 2: Some preliminaries about language Lecture 3: The sound

4、s of English Lecture 4: The units of English (1) Lecture 5: The structures of English (1) Lecture 6: The structures of English (2) Lecture 7: The meaning of English (1) Lecture 8: The meaning of English (2),Lecture 9: The use of English (1) Lecture 10: The use of English (2) Lecture 11: The varietie

5、s of English (1) Lecture 12: The varieties of English (2) Lecture 13: The acquisition of English Lecture 14: Empirical research of English Lecture 15-18 Research practice,Course components,Lectures Discussions Presentation Assignments Research,Course assessment:,attendance (10%) participation in cla

6、ssroom discussion (20%) presentation (10%) assignments (20%) term paper (40%),Term paper,A-4 /1.5 space/Times New Roman/ 10.5 font size/5 pages (including 5-10 references) First-hand data + analysis,Lecture 2 Some preliminaries about language,2.1 The definition of language 2.2 The functions of langu

7、age 2.3 The origin of language 2.4 The defining features of language 2.5 The acquisition of language,2.1 The definition of language,The question “what is language?” is comparable with and, some would say, hardly less profound than “what is life?” -John Lyons,How do you define language?,列宁(论民族自治)：Lan

8、guage is the most important tool for human communication. Chomsky(1957): a set of (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Sapir(1921): Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires

9、 by means of voluntarily produced symbols.,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. - 胡壮麟,“language” used in various contexts(pp.10-11, No. 1),Chinese is a language Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Both Jane and John like Shakespeares language. th

10、e language of bees,Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human beings. Discussion: What functions does language serve for our life and survival?,2.2 The functions of language,Humans are said to be language animals. But what if we humans lived without language?

11、There are some 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world. In 2003, the total number of languages in the world was estimated to be 6,809, of which 2,261 have writing systems (the others are only spoken). What if there were only one language the world over? (P. 11 No. 2),Some comm

12、on functions of language,phatic: Hello! directive: Get out of my way! informative: The earth revolves around the sun. interrogative: Do you know his hobby? expressive: I hate her. evocative: How do you like Jack? performative: I hereby declare the meeting open. interpersonal: Tommy, Dear Friend recr

13、eational: humor; rhyming; puns metalinguistic: what I mean is; in other words,Discussion: PP. 16-17 No.5,PP. 12-13 No. 6,2.3 The origin of language,2.4 The defining features of language,Also called design features (C. F.Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, 1958) a. creativity “creativity”, somet

14、imes also “productivity”, means the property which makes possible the construction and interpretation of new symbols, i.e. of signals that have not been previously encountered. Of course, the property of creativity is rule-governed according to Chomsky. Thus, the creativity in linguistics is differe

15、nt from that in art, which means breaking rules.,b. arbitrariness The term “arbitrary” here means something inexplicable in terms of some more general principles. It is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. word form meaning Discuss: P. 12 No. 5,Question:,By this property d

16、o we mean that a person can use the language as freely as we like? How about argot? How about onomatopeic words? PP. 11-12 No. 4 How about words like flow, float, flood, fluent, etc.? P. 17 No.6 Other examples: J-: joy, jovial, jubilate, joyous, joyful, jubilant Gl-: glow, glisten, gleam, glare, gli

17、nt, glimmer, glitter,c. duality of structure/double articulation b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level, secondary) - Book (meaningful unit: higher level, primary),Question: Why is this property generally assumed as central to language? Does animal language have this property? How is this relate

18、d to communicative power?,d. displacement This property give rise to the flexibility and versatility of language. Communication by means of language is constrained neither by time nor by space. Question: What advantages does this property of language yield? How about the other communication systems?

19、,e. cultural transmission Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. Language is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. Question: Can we deny that human language has a genetic basis? What is the implication of the story about “wolf child”? W

20、hat about those patients with neurological lesions in areas like Broca area (named after a French scientist) and Wernicke area (named after a German scientist) aphasia ?,What all languages seem to share,P. 15 No. 12,What do we mean by “knowing a language”? * /bdek/ * enblack * He me laugh at. * The

21、father of the orphan is in Beijing. A: Sorry I broke your glass. *B: Thank you.,2.5 The acquisition of language,L1 acquisition is said to have the following features: a. universally successful; b. without explicit instruction (teacher, textbook, school, syllabus, etc.); c. rapid (0-4 years old); d.

22、conditional (i. exposure; ii. critical period 1.5-4years old; iii. no mental deficiency).,L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages: a. babbling period: birth-around 6 months, produce some sounds; b. syllabic speech period: around 8 months, syllables replace babbled sounds, like mama; c. singl

23、e-word stage: around 1 year old, first words, no grammar; carry out simple commands; d. onset of speech: 18 months, more words (3-50 words);,e. two-word utterances stage: 2 years old, can name most things around him; begin his own creation of two-word phrases (early stage of grammar), pivot words +o

24、pen words, e.g. Mummy sock; f. full-understanding stage: 2.5 years old, e.g. daddy kick ball; g. near adult-speech: 3 years old; overgeneralization of inflections; h. adult speech: 4 years old.,Discuss PP. 13-14: No. 7, 8, 9,Assignments,1. Review the major points of this lecture. 2. For the various

25、functions of language discussed in class, use one example of your own to illustrate each. Submit your assignment to the e-class,Form “ study and research” groups (4-5 persons for 1 group). Each group draws a topic out of the following: a. Word formation in English Week 3 b. Interrogative sentences i

26、n English Week 4 c. Phatic communion in English and Chinese 寒暄 Week 5 d. The naming of people in English Week 6 e. Metonymy in English Week 7 f. Complimenting and responding to compliments in English Week 8 g. Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9 h. Euphemisms in English Week

27、 10 i. The change of English Week 11 j. Chinglish Week 12,The members of each group must work together when collecting materials, preparing the PPT, and presenting the report. Each presentation is to last about 20 minutes. Each PPT must be sent to the teacher for comments and advice ONE weak prior t

28、o the report.,Lecture 3 The sounds of English,Review What are the major defining features that natural languages possess?,Major contents,3.1 Linguistics and its branches 3.2 Vowels and consonants 3.3 Phones, phonemes, and allophones 3.4 Phonological rules 3.5 English syllables 3.6 Stress, tone, and

29、intonation,3.1 Linguistics and its branches,In 1916, Ferdinand de Saussures Course in General Linguistics was published, which marked the beginning of modern linguistics.,Summary,Traditional linguistics Modern linguistics parole langue written language spoken language diachronic synchronic prescript

30、ive descriptive atomism structuralism particularity universality individuality,Branches of linguistics,Core branches: phonetics, phonology, semantics, syntax, (pragmatics) Peripheral branches (hyphenated ones) : socio-linguistics, psycho-linguistics, neuro-linguistics, etc. applied linguistics: lang

31、uage testing, stylistics, discourse analysis, text linguistics, computation linguistics, etc.,Phonetics vs. phonology,The study of sounds used in speech (i.e. speech sounds) falls under the scope of both phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals mainly with the characteristics of human speech sounds

32、and sound-making, provides methods for the description, classification, and transcription of the speech sounds. Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.,Branches of phonetics,a. articulatory phonetics, which studies speech organs and how speech sounds

33、 are made (articulated) by the vocal organs. our major concern b. acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds. c. auditory phonetics, which studies the perception of speech sounds.,3.2 vowels and consonants,In pronouncing consonants, the airstream from the lungs throug

34、h the mouth is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path. In pronouncing vowels, the airstream is not obstructed anywhere along the path.,a. Functionally, vowels are the basis of syllables. b. Physically, vowels are musical. c. Articulatorily, for vowels, airstream is not obstructed,

35、and speech organs are tense.,Discuss: P. 38 No. 1,Classification of English vowels,Criteria i) the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low) ii) the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back) iii) the degree of lip-rounding (rounded, unrounded) iv) long or short v) tense or lax,

36、P. 28 Figure 2.2,Vowel description,/i:/: high, front, unrounded, long, tense /i/: high, front, unrounded, short, lax /:/: low, back, unrounded, long, tense /c:/: mid, back, rounded, long, tense /: mid, central, unrounded, lax /:/: mid, central, unrounded, long, tense Practice: Describe the sound /u:

37、/and /.,/u:/ : high, back, rounded, tense, long /: low, front, unrounded, lax,Classifying English consonants,criteria i) manner of articulation(degree of obstruction: complete, partial or a mere narrowing) ii) place f articulation(the parts of vocal tongue involved in the production),P. 29 Table 2.2

38、,3.3 Phones, phonemes, and allophones,Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language( i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the function of each sound. It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form they d

39、o.,Phone 音素,phone: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech i) phonetic unit ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with ,Phoneme 音位,the minimal unit in the sound system of a language. With phonemes, we establish the patterns of o

40、rganization within the infinitely large number of sounds. Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes (15-80). No two languages have the same phonemic system.,Phoneme 音位,i) phonological unit ii) distinctive of meaning iii) abstract, not physical iv) marked with /

41、 /. Discuss: P. 33 No. 1,Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs: 1) different in meaning; 2) only one phoneme different; 3) the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment. Minimal set: pat, mat, bat, fat, cat, hat, etc.,Allophone 音位变体,allophone: phonic variants/realizations

42、of a phoneme A phoneme is realized as allophone 1+allophone 2+. e.g. /p/= ph + p + p (unreleased) /l/ = l + ,Discuss,PP. 33-34 No. 2 No. 4,3.4 Phonological rules,Phonological patterning is rule-governed. blik and kilb, though not found in English, can be possible combinations, while kbil or lkib can

43、not. Sequential rules are those that account for the combination of sounds in a particular language. They are language-specific, as in the following cases: * tlait iltrit,Sequential rule,If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should follow the order/s

44、equence below: a. The first phoneme must be /s/ b. The second phoneme must be /p/, /t/ or /k/ c. The third phoneme must be /l/, /r/, or /w/. spring, string, squirrel, split, screen,Consonant clusters in English at the initial position:,Question: What about the consonant cluster in the final position

45、?,Assimilation rule,A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/neighboring sound, e.g. impossible, irresistible, illegal in- PP. 34-35 No. 5 Question: What other examples? sink /since pan cake sun glasses five past seven has to,Deletion rule,A sound may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented. P. 35 No. 7,3.5 English Syllables,syllable onset rime nuclear coda consonant(s) vowel consonant(s),3.6 Stress, to