《基础医学各论2》资料：7能量代谢与体温

1、Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description,Part II Splanchnology,Chapter 4 The general Description,The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital system The study of viscera. Most of them are situated in the thoracic, a

2、bdominal and pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or peritoneum. It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.,II . The main functions of viscera: The alimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products of this di

3、gestive action and to eliminate the unused residua. The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges - supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism. The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amou

4、nt of water and solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes. The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.,IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions References lines of the thorax: Anterior median line Lateral sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal

5、line Anterior axillary line Midaxillary line Posterior axillary line Scapular line Paravertebral line Posterior median line,2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: 2 transverse lines : subcostal line transtubercular line 2 longitudinal lines: mid-inguinal lines 9 regions: epigastric reg

6、ion umbilical region pubic (hypogastric) region right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar（lateral）regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions,2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: a transverse line through the umbilicus and a vertical line in the midline of the bo

7、dy. 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ ) upper left ( LUQ ) lower right ( RLQ ) lower left ( LLQ ),Part II Splanchnology Chapter 5 The Alimentary System,. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines: the duodenum,

8、the jejunum, the ileum the large intestines: the cecum and appendix, the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands: the salivary glands: the parotid gland the submandibular gland the sublingual gland the liver, the pancreas,* Functions: ingest foods, secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients elimin

9、ate unused residues,.The Mouth: 2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper. * walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, Tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hard palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula

10、free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.,* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth form crown root neck of teeth The structure: dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp,deciduous teeth: 20 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of

11、canine tooth 2 pairs of molars permanent teeth: 28-32 2 pairs of incisors 1 pair of canine tooth 2 pairs of premolars 3 pairs of molars (wisdom tooth),The tongue 3 parts- root, apex and body Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus 4 kinds of papillae- Filiform papillae no tastbuds tastebuds associated with

12、 Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Vallate papillae lingual tonsil,Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds Structures: mucosa, muscles of the tongue,Position: in front of the 16th cervical vertebrae Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharyn

13、x Features and structures: nasal part- opening of auditory tube tubal torus pharyngeal recess oral part- palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil laryngeal part-piriform recess,. The pharynx:,Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: -choanae-nasal cavity -isthmus of fauces-oral cavity -aperture of larynx-laryngea

14、l cavity inferiorly: -esophagus Laterally:-pharyngeal opening of auditory tube-tympanic cavity,.The Esophagus: 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts 3 constrictions: 1st-at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd-where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm fr

15、om the incisor teeth 3rd-where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth position,The Salivary glands: The Parotid gland The duct to this gland (Stensens duct ) (the inside of the cheek buccal mucosa ) opposite the upper second molar. The Sublingual gland the Sublingual folds The

16、Submandibular gland the Sublingual caruncle The Name, Positions, Opening of its ducts,.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus 2 surfaces: anterior and posterior 2 curvatures: greater curvature lesser curvature angular incisure 4 parts: the cardiac part the fundus of stomach th

17、e body of stomach the pyloric part pyloric antrum pyloric canal,The position and relations - the position: Its between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of the small intestine. It lies in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of abdomen. cardiac orifice at left side of 11

18、th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra,- the relations: anteriorly- left costal margin diaphragm left pleura the base of the left lung the left pleural cavity the pericardium left and quadrate lobes of the liver the anterior abdominal wall transverse colon,posterio

19、rly- the diaphragm the spleen the left suprarenal gland the upper part of the left kidney the splenic artery the left colic flexure the anterior surface of the pancreas the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon “ stomach bed ” omental bursa,.The duodenum,C-shaped 4 parts-superior part descending p

20、art horizontal part ascending part Structure- Descending part has longitudinal fold major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ; Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.,. Jejunum and Ileum:,. Large intestine: Parts- c

21、olon cecum rectum anal canal structures - except rectum anal canal and appendix 3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices,The cecum and vermiform appendix : position: in the right iliac fossa, above the lateral half of the inguinal ligament and below the ileocecal valves. structure: ileocec

22、al valves opening of the vermiform appendix,Vermiform: shape: worm shaped tube, 220 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average Position: right iliac or inguinal region , the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into th

23、e lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix- McBurneys point,McBurneys point At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.,Colon: 4 parts- ascending colon transverse colon descending colon si

24、gmoid colon,The rectum: position- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure Perineal flexure Ampulla of rectum structures 3 transverse folds of rectum,The Anal Canal: position: structures: mucous membrane- anal columns anal val

25、ves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa- muscular layer- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus,. The liver : The external features : - 1. 2 1. 5 kg (male) 1.0 1.3 kg (female) - cuniform : 2 extremities : right (larger) left (smaller) 2 surfaces: di

26、aphragmatic surface visceral surface 2 borders: anterior border posterior border,diaphragmatic (superior) surface: - 2 ligaments: falciform ligament; coronary ligament (right and left triangular ligaments) - 2 lobes: right lobe (large) left lobe (small) - bare area,visceral (inferior) surface: - “H”

27、 shaped groove: 4 lobes the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis the fissure for ligamentum venosum the fossa for gallbladder the fossa for vena cava (the secondary porta hepatis ) hepatic veins the transverse fissure ( porta hepatis) pro

28、per hepatic artery hepatic ducts. hepatic portal vein, nerves , lymphatic vessels -,The anterior border: - the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis - the notch for gallbladder The posterior border: bare area,The position and relations: Position: right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. right half o

29、f the anterior border at the same level of the right costal arch at the middle line of the body, the anterior border below the xiphoid process about 2-4cm.,Relations: superiorly- diaphragm, lungs, pleura and pleural cavities, heart, pericardium and pericardial cavity,Relations: superiorly- the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the gallbladder the right colic flexure, the right kidney the right suprarenal gland The function: it is very complicated, but one of them is secreting the bile to digest the fat in the food,.The Extrahepatic apparatus: 1. The gallbladd