Session1英语词汇概述.ppt

1、Chapter I Introduction,The English Vocabulary The Structure of English Words,Teaching Objectives,Learn some general information about lexicology Learn the structure of English words,Teaching focus,Definition of morphemes Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme ,Warm-up activities,What do you

2、 know about this subject Lexicology? What do you expect to learn from lexicology? How important is vocabulary to a language?,Q.1,lexicology two Greek morphemes: lexikon and logie. lexikon means: logie means: archeology; biology; ecology; geology; psychology; physiology；zoology; It is a branch of lin

3、guistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words, or simply, the study of vocabulary.,English lexicology itself is a sub-branch of linguistics. It is closely related to other branches of linguistics, such as morphology（词态学） semantics（语义学） etymology（词源学） stylistics（ 文体论） lexicography（词典编纂学）

4、 Each of which has been established as a subject on its own.,Q.2,1.General knowledge of English vocabulary 2.Basic word formation 3.Other word-formation categories 4.Word meaning 5.Polysemy and homonymy 6.Sense relations 7.Changes in meaning 8.Meaning shift,9.Semantic evolution 10.Sources of English

5、 vocabulary 11.Current development of English words 12.English variations across countries 13.Idioms 14.Phrasal verbs and collocations 15.Other idioms 16.English dictionaries,Q.3,Wilkins (1972) Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed. McCarthy (1990)

6、 No matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the sounds of a L2, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way.,1. The English vocabulary,1.1 Function of English An International language

7、 English as L1: Britain, U.S.A.,Ireland, Australia, Newzealand,Canada, South Africa etc. Population:340 millions,English as L2: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar (Burma)，Singapore，Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana，Namibia，Jamaica，Bermuda，Malaysia Population: ? Millions English as FL: Population: 750 mi

8、llions,1.2 How much vocabulary is there? Oxford English Dictionary Number of English vocabulary: 414,829 (1928); 500,000 (1989) 2 millions of word increasing rate: 850 per year Cf: German 185,000 French 100,000,1.3 How much vocabulary did literary masters have? Shakespear: 24,000 Milton: 16,000 Engl

9、ish educated people: 25,000 The latest figure is: 60,000 basic words for an average native English high school student. Chinese educated people: 5000(Chinese characters),Chinese college students: CET 4 4200 CET 6 5500 TEM 4 6000 TEM 8 8000-10000 SHARP DIFFERENCE IN VOCABULARY SIZE,3000 high frequenc

10、y words Vocabulary strategies: Guessing from context Using words parts and mnemonic techniques to remember words,1.4 Four levels of vocabulary Speaking Active vocabulary Writing Reading Passive vocabulary Guess,Activity 1,Read the following paragraphand see which words belong to which level of vocab

11、ulary: The United States Thursday paid tribute to Afghans who turned out to vote in the countrys crucial presidential election despite an intimidation campaign by the Taliban. U.S. officials say its too early to assess the credibility of the election.,2. The Structure of English Words,2.1 What is a

12、word? Form： have has had ？ One word or three words? friend friends ？ word family 词族 Sound: syllable good; boy; book unfortunately; management Meaning:,monosyllabic,polysyllabic,Definition of word: A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit. (词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。),2.1.1 Sound and

13、 meaning,The same concept can be represented by different sounds. woman Frau (German) fu nv (Chinese) The same sound can denote different things. meat meet mete write right see sea,There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meani

14、ng is almost always arbitrary(任意性的) or conventional.,2.1.2 Sound and form,laugh fish hymn condemn bomb (silent) Hymnal condemnation bombard (audible) Does the written form agree with the oral form? Why?,The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the writ

15、ten form should agree with the oral form, such as English language. This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English . But,With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. The written form of English is not an accurate representation of the

16、spoken form.,What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?,Reason one: The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet （英语字母表）was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language s

17、o that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.,Reason 2: Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. Reason 3: A third reason is that some of the differences were created by

18、the early scribes(手抄). Reason 4: Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated （吸收）.,Conclusion: The written form of English is an imperfect representation of t

19、he spoken form.,2.2 Classifications of words,Different criteria, different categories 2.2.1. Use frequency 2.2.2. Notion 2.2.3. Origin 2.2.4. Morphology,2.2.1.Use frequency Basic word stock基本词汇 Denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, indispensable to all the people who sp

20、eak the language The following features: Stability Productivity Polysemy Collocability,Non-basic vocabulary Terminology: Jargon行话 Slang俚语 Argot隐语，行话 Dialectal words Archaisms古语 Neologisms 新字，新义,2.2.2. Notion Content words: denote clear notions, called notional words. Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, N

21、umerals Functional words: do not have notions of their own, called empty words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary whereas functional words make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable and do more of the

22、expression on average than content words.,Robertson and Cassidy (1957): the nine functional words, namely, and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will, you assume of the task of expression in English. E.g. 1). It is fun to play with children. 2). It is certain that they have forgotten the address. 3). The

23、more I see the film, the more I like it.,2.2.3.Origin,Native words (Anglo-Saxon words): small in number but form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language Neutral in style Begin(E)-commence(FRENCH) Brotherly(ENGLISH)-fraternal(F) Kingly(E)-royal(F)-regal(LATIN) Ris

24、e(E)-mount(F)-ascend(L),Frequent in use: run usually as high as from 70 to 90 percent in everyday speech and writing. Author or book native foreign Spenser 86% 14% Shakespear9010 Bible946 Milton8119 Swift7525 Pope8020 (Robertson, et al 1957:174),2.2.4 Morphology,Left for session 2 and 3,Reflect on t

25、he following question:,Is word the smallest meaning unit in language unit? A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units.,2.3 Morpheme,2.3.1.

26、 Morphemes词素 2.3.2. Allomorphs语素变态 2.3.3. Types of morphemes 2.3.4. Identifying morphemes Analyze the structure of the following words:,The most important part,book books bookish bookcase tolerate tolerance toleranttolerationtolerable intolerable telephonetelegramtelescope telecommunication book+s b

27、ook+ish book+case toler+ate toler+ance toler+ant toler+ation toler+able in+toler+able -s, -ish, -case -ate morpheme Tele- -phone,2.3.1. morphemes,morpheme (词素) ： the smallest meaningful linguistic unit, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms Or the smallest meaningful element in a language,W

28、ords are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: More examples: One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize,2.3.2. allomorphs (词素变体),Morphs（形素）： Morphemes ar

29、e abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units（分立的形素）known as morphs（形素）词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。 The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone（词素与形素同音素与音位的关系一样）.,Allomorph,Allomorph 词素变体:refers to a member of a

30、set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. morpheme morph morph morph go went gone goes in- im-; il-; ir-,Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. E.g. go, went, gone The morpheme of plurality /-s/ has a set of morphs in different sound context. cat

31、s /s/; bags /z/; matches /iz/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ are three different morphs. The morpheme of the link verb be is the same. Its past tense is realized in two distinct orthographic forms “was “/w z/ “were “/w:/ was, were, /w z/, /w:/ are morphs.,2.3.3. Classifications of morphemes,free vs. bound morphemes i

32、n terms of their capacity of occurring alone 自由形式 vs.粘着形式 derivational vs. inflectionalmorphemesapplying to affixes only 派生形式 vs. 屈折形式,2.3.3.1 Free morphemes (自由词素),Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as fre

33、e grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 E.g., man, wind, open, tour, in, over,Free morphemes can be broken down into: Lexical morphemes （实义词素/语素） : boy, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow Functional morphemes（功能词素/语素）: and, but, when, because, on, near, in,2.3.3.2 B

34、ound Morphemes（粘着形式）,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。,Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or a

35、s word-building elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。 Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes. 粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。,2.3.3.3 Boundroots(粘着词根),A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a fre

36、e root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example: contradict, predict, contradiction, prediction, dictate, diction, dictionary. dict- conveys the meaning of say or speak- continuous, during, duration, durable, endure dur-: last,2.3.3.4 Affixes(词缀),Affixes

37、 are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional affixes 曲折词缀 derivational affixes 派生词缀,2.3.3.5 Inflectional affixes (曲折词缀),Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate gramm

38、atical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。 For example: cats, walked, walking, Johns book,Inflectional affixes: 名词复数的-s 名词所有格s 动词过去式和过去分词的-ed 现在分词和动名词的-ing 一般现在时中第三人称单数的-s 形容词副词的比较级-er和最高

39、级的-est,2.3.3.6 Derivational affixes (派生词缀),Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。 They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,Suffixes usu. cause a change in grammatical class.,Noun to adjective boy-ish virtu-ous Elizabeth-an pictur

40、-esque affection-ate health-ful alcohol-ic life-like,Verb to noun acquitt-al clear-ance accus-ation confer-ence sing-er conform-ist predict-ion free-dom,Adjective to adverb Exact-ly Quiet-ly,Noun to verb Moral-ize Vaccin-ate Brand-ish Brandish(挥舞，炫耀),Prefixes do not cause a change in grammatical cla

41、ss.,Eg. A-moral Auto-biography Ex-wife Super-woman Can you think of any exception to this rule? enlarge, enrich, embody, entitle aboard, belittle, ,Compare and contrast inflectional and derivational affixes by Hatch and Brown (p.266),Inflectional Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem

42、. Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes. Occurs at margins of words.,Derivational Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem. Indicates semantic relations within the word. Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes. Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.,Activity 2,Identify morphemes: They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Exercise 1:,Land Chilly Antigovernment Unfriendliness interna