英语四级作文写作技巧.ppt

1、英语四级作文,2,一、解读大纲,写作（writing）部分是测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间为30分钟。 写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。,3,二. 大学英语四级作文评分标准,2%条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5%基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8%基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11%切题

2、。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14%切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。),4,三. 写作步骤,1、审题(确定体裁或写作类型:议论文？应用文？说明文？描述文？; 确定主题句（论点） 2、草拟提纲(围绕提示句,扩展提示句所提供的信息) 3、正文写作 4、检查修改(时态：时态一致; 主谓关系单复数; 人称一致; 可数不可数; 指代问题; 冠词的用法; 词组和短语的固定搭配; 单词拼写; 标点符号),5,四、写作类型,（1）对比观点型 （2）说明利弊型 （3）解释现象

3、型 （4）解决问题型 （5）图表表述型 （6）应用文写作,6,（1）对比观点型作文对策,作文类型与要求： 阐述对立观点型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的： 1有（些）人认为 2也有（些）人认为 3我的看法/观点 这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式： 第一段：引出讨论的主题，阐述观点A及其理由 第二段、阐述观点B及其理由 第三段：表明自己的观点以及理由 注意：在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。,7,对比观点型高分模板 The topic of _(主题) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opin

4、ions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reasons of _ (支持A的理由一)。 Whats more, _(理由二)。Thirdly, _ (理由三)。 While others think B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, _ (支持B的理由一). Besides, _(理由二). Finally, _(理由三)。 From my point of view, I think _(

5、我的观点). The reason is that _(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice.,8,经典句型-对比观点常用句型 1. As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite naturalthat people from different backgro

6、unds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。 2. When it comes to , most people believe that , but other people regard as . 提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_. 3. When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but other people think as 提到_问题，有人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。 4. Ther

7、e is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who criticize argue that ., they believe that ,but people who favor ., on the other hand, argue that 目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。,9,5. When asked about , different people will offer different opinions. Some people say/think

8、/believe/take it for granted that , while others hold that 当被问及_, 不同的人持有不同的观点。有人认为_, 而其他人认为_. 6. With the development of the society, the controversial issue of is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 随着社会的发展，_这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会

9、的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。 7. Recently, there arises a controversial debate over whether we should or 最近，对于我们是否应该_的问题出现了很多争议。 8. Whether we should view as a blessing or curse is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents /teachers but by farmers/students as well. 我们应该把_看做

10、是好还是坏成为了一个热门话题，不仅城里人（教师）在谈论这个问题，农民（学生）也在谈论。,10,经典句型-支持者观点常用句型 Those who strongly approve of . have lots of reasons for it. Firstly, . Whats more, . In addition, Some people contend that has proved to bring many advantages. For one thing, For another, Last but not the least, People who support give s

11、ome or all of the following reasons. Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it. Some people think/prefer that They hold this idea/opinion/view because,11,经典句型-反对者观点常用句型 But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that. However, ther

12、e are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case. But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case. They argue that Some people examine this issue from another angle. On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly Howev

13、er/On the other hand, there are still many people who wont agree. They argue that Besides/In addition, ,12,经典句型-表达个人观点常用句型 Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter

14、 view. After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view that If asked to make a decision, I would prefer Taking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend to favor the latter view Personally/ From my point of view/ From my perspective, I am on the side of the lat

15、ter argument because Therefore/In conclusion, If asked to make a choice, I would not hesitate to side with the former / latter view.,13,实战练习,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Online Businesses Be Taxed? You should write at least 120 words fo

16、llowing the outline given below. 1. 长期以来，网店纳税的话题一直受到人们的关注 2. 有人赞成网店纳税，但也有人反对这种做法 3. 我的观点,14,网店应该纳税吗？ Should Online Businesses Be Taxed?,第一段就长久以来一直受到人们关注和备受 争议的话题（a long running concern, Controversial debate),即网店是否应该纳 税（whether online businesses should be taxed) 进行简单阐述。,第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法，有人 认为（contend

17、)网店应该纳税；但也有人不 赞成这种做法(disapprove the practice)， 同时给出各自的理由。,第三段就这一问题提出自己的看法（As for my personal viewpoint, I support),15,高分范文,Should Online Businesses Be Taxed? As to whether online businesses should be taxed, there is a long running concern as well as controversial debate. (第一段开篇点题，简单阐述现象）,16,Some peo

18、ple contend that online businesses are economic entities（经济实体） with the purpose of making profit, so its reasonable and obligatory for them to pay taxes. Taxing online businesses also demonstrates fairness to both physical retail businesses（实体店零售商） and their online counterparts（对应物）. Whats more impo

19、rtant, levying taxes on online businesses is in line with the standard commercial model, from which they will benefit in the long run. But others disapprove the practice. They hold the view that despite the high e-commerce transaction volume, online businesses do not have a very high profit margin（利

20、润）. Taxation may force many online businesses to quit because they cannot make money any longer. Besides, if online businesses are taxed, the increasing costs are likely to be shifted to consumers, unfavorable for their healthy development. (第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法。引出两种对立观点，并分别给出具体的原因. 是对的递进和补充。）,17,As for

21、 my personal viewpoint, I support the former opinion. Now that online businesses are commercial activities, they have no excuse to be exempted from（使免除） taxation. Furthermore, the tax-free model surely brings some benefits to online businesses in the short term, but it will become a great obstacle f

22、or the far-reaching（长远的） development of the whole trade. （第三段给出自己的观点，阐明理由。）,18,（2）说明利弊型作文对策,作文类型与要求： 说明利弊型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的： 1说明事物现状 2事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） 3你对现状（或前景）的看法 这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式： 第一部分：引言。简述标题中涉及的某一事物或现象； 第二部分： 优点。例举该事物或现象的优点或积极因素 缺点。可以考虑用对比关联词引出该事物或现象的另一面缺点或消极因素； 第三部分：考生的个人体会。权衡利弊，阐述个人体会或者如何扬长避短的方法

23、。,19,说明利弊型高分模板 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages/positive aspects can be seen as follows. First _（的优点之一）. Besides _（的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvanta

24、ges is that _（的第一个缺点）To make matters worse,_（的第二个缺点） Through the above analysis/ Taking into consideration of all these factors, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to _（我的看法） （From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A,

25、we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, _（对前景的预测）,20,经典句型-说明利弊常用句型 1. With the development of science and technology, has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created so

26、me serious problems as well. 随着科学技术的发展， computer 已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。 2. As the proverb goes: every coin has its two sides, .is no exception. 俗语有云：“万事万物都有两面性。” _也不例外。 3. Every thing has a good side and a bad side, and .is no exception. 万事万物有其两面性，而_也是如此。 4. The discussion as

27、to whether the . is a blessing or a curse arouses most peoples interests. _是好坏利弊问题引起了很多人的兴趣。,21,5. .plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world. _ 尤为重要而引起当今社会的关注。 6. There comes a question: is it a blessing or a curse. 问题是：_是福是祸？ 7. There is no de

28、nying that every thing has one more face and . is no exception. 不可否认，每一件事物都有其两面性，其实，_也不例外。 8. Every thing in the world has its own two sides. Without exception, has both advantages and disadvantages. 任何事情都有两面性， 也不例外，有其优势和劣势（利与弊）。,22,经典句型-陈述事物优点的常用句型 1. There are several advantages in. The first /big

29、gest advantage is that 2. The advantages of can be seen as follow. First besides 3. is playing an increasing important role in peoples lives. For one thing For another 4. As we know, . bring many benefits and convenience to people. 5. There are no less than three advantages in . as rendered below.,2

30、3,6. Nothing / Few things can equal / match with / be compared with in terms of 7. has a positive impact / influence / effect on peoples lives. 8. For all / In spite of / Despite the disadvantages / side(/adverse) effects, it has its compensating advantages / beneficial effects 9. The merits of this

31、 is obvious. 10. As is often pointed out that , it certainly help people For all the advantages, it also brings other content that .,24,经典句型-陈述事物缺点的常用句型 However, just like anything else, has its negative side as well. For one thing, Besides / For another, In the meantime/ Meanwhile, we can not ignor

32、e the disadvantages of However, the negative aspects of are also apparent / obvious / evident. To begin with, To make matter worse, Worst of all, . Like anything else, it has also its faults / shortcomings /disadvantages / weakness / problems / harmful effects. However, like anything else,. has more

33、 than one face.,25,However, just as everything has two sides, also has many disadvantages. As the proverb goes, every coin has its two sides, is no exception. Despite the advantages . has, some people claim, we shall not lose sight of its adverse effects on. But its bright side should not keep us fr

34、om examining its dark side. Of course, nothing in the world is perfect/ Even Homer sometimes nods, so is. 人谁无过,26,经典句型-表达个人体会的常用句型 In my case, the advantages overweigh / carry more weight than the disadvantages. Anyway, I still hold has more advantages than disadvantages. But for me, I think what is

35、 more important is its positive side. With the problems and the benefits has exerted on us, I think what is more important is its positive side. However, I still believe has more advantages than disadvantages.,27,实战练习,Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the

36、 topic Private School. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校(说明事物的现状）； 2.私立学校的利与弊（阐述事物的优缺点）； 3.你的看法。,28,It can be noticed that a large number of private schools or training organizations become a new landscape in education. When you re

37、ad newspapers, when you watch TV, when you walk on the road, you will inevitably see lots of advertisements about private schools. There are private schools mainly dealing with foreign languages, computers, music and sports. However, is it a good or bad thing to have so many private schools? As a co

38、in has two sides, so are the private schools. On the one hand, private schools can meet the special needs of the society or the particular requirements of people. On the other hand, they often bring people extra burden because of comparison and competition. When asked to decide whether we should hav

39、e a society without private schools or a society with private schools, I will not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. Although attending a training course will result in the extra cost or burden, it is of tremendous merits in preparing my work and cultivating my skills.,29,（3）解释现象型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求

40、 解释现象型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的： 1.说明某种现象 2.产生这种现象的原因 3.我的观点（看法） 此类型作文可以采用以下模式 第一段：描述现象，评价现象 第二段：说明原因 （原因一，原因二、） 第三段：我的观点，结论。,30,解释现象型作文模板 Recently, _. (描述现象，引起话题 ) What amazes us most is_( 表现较为典型的一个方面) It is true that_ . (对于现象做出的评论) There are many reasons explaining_( 承上启下,解释这一现象的原因) The main reason is_. ( 说明

41、原因一) What is more, _. (原因二) Thirdly, _ (原因三) As a result,_ . ( 讲述导致的结果) Considering all these, _. (作者的态度) For one thing, _.( 观点一) For another,_ . (11观点二) In conclusion, _. (12总结全文),31,实战练习,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose.

42、 You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课（描述现象） 2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课（原因） 3.以你自己为例（我的观点）,32,Nowadays, a growing number of electives are offered in all sorts of universities. According to a recent survey in China Daily, students can choose their

43、 favorite courses from a total number of 20,000 electives in Chinese universities. The topics include everything, from literature to engineering, from sociology to chemistry. When asked why they choose the electives, different students provide different answers. Some of them choose the electives whi

44、ch are easier to study; therefore, the students will be able to win the credit with little effort. Other students maintain that they choose the electives that interest them the most. Still others choose the “practical” courses because they believe these programs will help them hunt for a better job

45、when they graduate. As to me, I choose two electives, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and economics. The former will equip me with more knowledge to read and write academic papers; while the latter is important in that everyone has to know a little economics in order to live better in the time o

46、f “market economy”.,33,(4)解决问题型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求 解决问题型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的： How /What are the ways of 1.提出某种现象或者问题 2.解决这种现象或者问题的方法 3.我的方法和理由 此类型作文可以采用以下模式 第一段：提出问题 第二段：提出解决问题的方法：方法一 方法二 第三段：我的方法；我的理由；表达解决问题的 信心或者展望前景,34,解决问题型作文模板 With the development of _ ，_ .(问题出现的背景) So it is of great importance for us to

47、_. (提出问题) First,_. (问题的后果一) Besides,_. (问题的后果二) However, we have figured out many ways to _. (提出解决这一问题的方法) Firstly,_. (解决方法一) So long as _. (进一步说明方法一)Secondly,_. (方法二)Thirdly,_. (方法三) In fact,_. (提出解决问题的根本途径)11That is because _. (11支持句的理由) In a word, _. (12总结全文),35,实战练习,Directions: For this part, yo

48、u are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below： How I Finance(负担费用） My College Education 1. 上大学的费用很高(tuition and fees)（ 提出现象或问题） 2. 上大学的费

49、用可以通过多种渠道解决（解决方法） 3. 哪种渠道适合于我(说明理由)（我的方法和理由）,36,How I Finance My College Education,Nowadays, tuition and fees for college education are much higher than ever before.（提出问题） How to finance college education has become a matter of concern for many students. （第一段提出问题，开篇点题）,37,Different people have diffe

50、rent ways to solve this problem. Some get all of the money from their parents. Some apply for a loan especially set up for college students. Some acquire the money completely by themselves, doing a full-time job in summer or winter holiday. Some other students may ask their parents for most of it an

51、d earn the rest in their spare time in college, by doing a part-time job. （第二段提出各种解决该问题的方法）,38,As far as Im concerned, I prefer the last way.（我的方法） Having acquired most of the tuition and fees from my parents, I neednt worry too much about the money and can concentrate on my study;（理由） on the other

52、hand, a part-time job in my spare time makes my campus-life colorful.（理由） I can make a lot of friends, improve my abilities and learn lots of knowledge. So, I choose this way to cover my tuition and fees. （第三段提出我的方法和理由）,39,（5）图表描述型作文对策,特点：题目中信息来源是图表 第一段 ： （1）概括描述图表：趋势描写 （2）具体描述图表：必要的数据支持（细节性） 第二段 ：说

53、明原因：原因一、 原因二、 第三段 ： （1）预测未来和提出问题； （2）总结全文和表达自己的观点,40,图表型作文常用表达方法 1. As we can see from the charts/tables/bars/graphs. 2. As is clearly shown by the charts. 3. Several factors contribute to the . 4. Obviously, great changes take place in . 5. The reasons for this change are .,41,实战练习,Directions: For

54、this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below: 1. 图中所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间：1990年（2 hours）、1995年（4 hours）、2000年（14 hours）, 请描述其变化；（趋势描写，具体数字支持） 2. 请说

55、明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； （说明原因） 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 （提出问题，表达自己观点，预测未来）,42,Chart,1990,1995,2000,Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week.,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,year,hours per week,43,Student Use of Computers,From the chart/diagram given above, we can clearly

56、 see that there has been an obvious increase in the average number of hours that a college student spends on the computer in the last decades of the twentieth century.(趋势描写） In 1990, less than 2 hours were spent on computers. The number doubled in 1995. And in 2000, the average hours increased drama

57、tically to almost 20 hours.（具体数字支持） （第一段先概括描写趋势，然后具体数字支持）,44,Several reasons account for the rapid change. To begin with, the first and most important reason is peoples realization of computers significance. Now computers have their ways into companies, schools and homes and have become an essential

58、 part of our modern society. Secondly, the drop of prices also contributes to the change. With the development of technology, computers become much cheaper now than 10 years ago. More students can afford them and thus can use them freely. Last but not least, computers enable us handle our problems effectively. （第二段说明原因）,45,In a word , we can safely conclude that the increase of student use of computer is bound to continue. Computers become very popular among students now and how t