iBT Speaking.ppt

1、iBT Speaking,- Review - Task 4 -Example -Practice,Example,OG pp 217 Animal Domestication,2006 10 15 Diffusion of Responsibility,Practice,Diffusion of responsibility is a social- psychological phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not

2、 explicitly assigned. Normally, people would feel responsible for lending hands to others in emergency. However, sometimes, they may also fail to respond to obvious urgent situations, when their responsibility is not clearly assigned and they have reasons to believe that some other people will certa

3、inly help out. This is called diffusion of responsibility.,Listening We are going to discuss some interesting examples of the diffusion of responsibility phenomenon. Diffusion of responsibility means when someone believes he is only one of the group observing other people in emergent situation. So h

4、e intends to feel less responsible for giving assistance.,For example, suppose you are driving on the high way during mid-day among heavy traffic. Suddenly you see a vehicle parked on road shoulder，erlet say the smoke is coming out off the car or the emergent light is flashing, so you know the drive

5、r is in trouble. Facing this situation, many of you may have the spirit to help, but only a few will really stop in lending their hands to the driver. Whybecause you probably believe that there are many others driving around and some of them will certainly stop and help or maybe the policy is on the

6、ir way. Ironically, as a result, though many people are willing to help, nobody really does.,The diffusion of responsibility theory can be further demonstrated by another example. Say, in this timeyou are driving on some secure country road in the very early morning when only a few cars inside. And

7、some poor driver is observed the parking on the road side and waiting for assistance, you are very likely to slam on the brakes and helpright? This is because you clearly understand that you are probably the only one who can help under this every circumstance.,Sample response The article explains th

8、at even though a person may be willing to help in an emergency situation, whether or not that person helps depends on how many other people are around. If there are a lot of people around, the stranger may think someone else will help, so he doesnt. But if there are few, he *will* tend to help.,In t

9、he lecture, the professor gives a common example, one of a breakdown on the highway. He does this to show that the theory could be true. He says that on a crowded highway, many drivers will simply bypass a stranded motorist thinking that someone else will help him. But on a rural road - where there

10、are few cars - drivers readily stop and help someone. He uses these two extremes to illustrate the theory diffusion of responsibility.,2006 10 21 Self-fulfilling Prophecies,Practice,The self-fulfilling prophecy is a psychological phenomenon whereby a person believes something to be true, acts on tha

11、t belief and by his action causes the belief to become true eventually. Normally, people all live under certain expectations from others. Once an individual accepts the social expectations toward him as true and realistic, he will first take these social beliefs and then formulate them into his own

12、confidence. After that, he starts to respond to his beliefs by taking practical actions. Finally, the social expectations on the individual become true, as a result of his continual efforts,Listening Interesting enough hahself-fulfilling propheciessounds like a sort of magic. Think about this; it fi

13、rst starts as an expectation, which can be either higher or lower than the reality. However, after a psychological process called self-suggestion, the participants start to firmly believe that expectation. Sooner after that, it becomes true because it has been believed to be true. There is an exampl

14、e of self-fulfilling prophecies, which I often show to my students. In the 1960s, a group of researchers in North America had conducted a series of experiments in order to test to what extend self-fulfilling prophecies could make change to peoples life.,First, a group of kids are randomly selected f

15、rom many different primary schools. Because the sample was planted from different areas and big enough, we can comfortably assume that these groups of American kids were simply as normal as any other groups of American kids. After that, the researchers send this group of children to receive academic

16、 education in a training camp. No educators involved in this program had any idea of what kind of kids they are going to teach. But as a part of the plan, the educators were all instructed carefully that these kids were the top students from all over the country. And thus they should be educated as

17、geniuses.,Therefore, contrary to the normal education, encouragement and praise were widely applied to these students in the process of education. Five years later, when the researchers went back to finish the followed survey, they were surprised to notice that most kids educated in an encouraged as

18、 geniuses demonstrated apparently higher IQ than normal kids.,Sample response,Self-fulfilling prophecy gives several steps: First a person learns about an expectation, then if he believes it to be true, hell act on it were, and finally, it may actually come true. The professor gives an example of an

19、 experiment on children. In the experiment, the scientist told teachers at a summer camp that the young kids were really smart, but in reality, they were average. During that summer, the teachers treated the kids as if they were geniuses. Several years later, the scientist looked at the kids again a

20、nd found that they had above average intelligence. That is how the example is related to the article.,2006 10 22 Bridge Shifting,Practice,Bridge shifting is a movie-making technique which helps movie makers to switch between different senses. Applicators of this skill intentionally skip certain time

21、 slots or spatial distance to shorten the overall film length. Despite the omitting of quite a few pictures, the directors train of thought would still be clear and comprehensible to movie viewers. This is because the scenes left out from the film could be accordingly compensated by the viewers dail

22、y experiences, if proper guidance is offered.,Listening So I hope you understand what bridge shifting is after the reading. Actually, the technique of bridge shifting is more than widely employed in modern movies. I mean you could hardly find movie produce without involving this technique. For examp

23、le, I watched a movie few years ago, which picked the life of a famous figure in American politics. In that movie, there was a scene in which a calendar was turned one page after another, and then the politician suddenly grew from a child to a young man.,Guided by the implication of the calendar, vi

24、ewer all understood the movie was trying to skip the years in which the politician grew up. Remember, this is representative technique of bridge shifting widely used by modern directors. Ahof course, bridge shifting could also be applied connecting different places. For example, in the same moviethe

25、 politician gave speeches in some different cities. In order to help spectators understand the character was busy traveling, all the director needed to show was merely the picture of running train and different window views. Again, for sure.watchers are no problem in comprehending the story.,Example

26、 response The professor uses two simple examples of bridge shifting based on a movie he once watched. According to the principle of “bridge shifting, the professor said it simply showed a calendar with flipping pages as the politician grew from a child to an adult. It gave the viewer the simple idea

27、 that much time passed as the child grew up.,In another part of the movie, she said there was a short scene showing a long journey. The movie simply depicted a moving train and some views looking out the window to present the politician was busy traveling in different cities to give his speeches. Th

28、ese were two clear and simple examples illustrating the idea of bridge shifting.,2006 11 03 Buyers Remorse,Practice,Buyers remorse refers to an interesting phenomenon mostly observed in customer services. This feeling generally comes out after the buying decision has been made, or even after the pur

29、chase is technically done. When it happens, the consumer suddenly feels regretful about the transaction for no apparent reasons. Therefore, several techniques have been accordingly developed in customer services to handle buyers remorse. For example, the salesperson may visit, or call the customers

30、after sales to make sure they still want the purchase.,Listening I am sure you must have understood what buyers remorse is. Properly handling this purchasers needs is essential for any customer services to succeed. Let me tell you one example that happened to me. You know I bought a deep blue car last year after a careful consideration. The car worked pretty well. So well that I couldnt find any major problems with it, but one week after the purchase I still started feeling unsure about my former decision. I started to wonder whether I made that de