《学术写作》英文教学课件：upadated_Academic Writing Workshorp_Section B

1、Writing a Scientific Paper:Basics of Content and Organization,Synopsis Dissertation Thesis,The general structure of a full research paper,Title,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Main text,Authors,Key words,For indexing and searching,Acknowledgements,References,Supplementary material,T

2、itle,Use the key words Be specific Be concise Be complete,Use PubMed-Medline MeSH headings if possible),A Study of Investigations on Observations on An innovative Method A Trial Comparing,Unnecessary Title Phrases,A Study Involving Medical Imaging with Genetic Patients and Turners Syndrome Down Synd

3、rome Where we are today: A Review Aldosterone (醛固酮) Plasma Concentrations and Heart Failure,Title Specific and Complete,MRI Brain Imaging in Children With Turners Syndrome and Other X Chromosome Abnormalities,Down Syndrome: Genetic, Behavior, and Functional Neuroimaging Research 2000-2006,Aldosteron

4、e Plasma Concentrations Increase with Severity of Congestive Heart Failure,Introduction:Background and Significance,Introduction,Four components 1. General background of the research question (The)has been extensively studied in recent years. 2. Previous research in the area “Prior studies have show

5、ed” 3. Problems with that research However, few studies / investigations /attempts However, little attention / work 4. What you did to fix those problems It would thus be of interest to learn how,KISS,Methods:Could Others Replicate Your Study?,Methods,Provide enough experimental details. May include

6、 tables and figures Contents: 1. Briefly describe the study design. 2. Tell some characteristics of the subjects of the study, and the inclusion or exclusion criteria. 3. Explain the data collection process 4. Describe the statistical methods.,Methods,Question 1: Which of the following methods shoul

7、d be described briefly? Question 2: Which of the following methods should be described most thoroughly? Well-known methods Methods previously described but not well known Methods that you yourself devised,Results:What Did I Find? The Heart!,Often includes tables, figures, or both Should present resu

8、lts but not comment on them List experiments in order listed in methods,Results,Results,In Tables and Figures, be descriptive, specific. Do not repeat the obvious: NO: Results of the kidney lead analysis are shown in Table 1,YES: Kidney lead concentrations increased in group 1 over the first 10 stud

9、y weeks (Table 1).,YES: Table 1 shows that kidney lead concentrations increased in group 1 over the first 10 study weeks.,DiscussionWhat Does It Mean?,Discussion,Present the principles, relationships, generalizations shown by the results. Contents: 1. Brief summary of results and statement of major

10、conclusions 2. Correlation to present study with existing ones. 3. Brief analysis of unexpected findings 4. Statement of limitations of the present study 5. Implications of the present study and prospect of future research.,Conclusion,Three most typical endings: Problem solved “ “Our findings suppor

11、t the rationale for the use of .” Not proven “The implications of our findings remain unclear.” More work needed “More studies are needed to improve our understanding of”,References,Currency: no more than 5 years old. Commonly-used reference styles: 1. Citation Order System Vancouver System: - The m

12、ost commonly used format - Reference are numbered according to the order in which they are first cited. Example: See the sample paper 2. Name and Year System Harvard System,Recap: Overall Shape of the Main Text of a Research Paper,Introduction (I),Methods and Materials (M),Results (R),Discussion (D)

13、,IMRD format,General Specific,Specific General,Tasks: Scan and skim the main text of the sample paper, and then answer the following questions.,Introduction: B1: Which paragraph shows the objectives of the study? The last paragraph of the introduction,Methods: B2: Is ethical approval included in the

14、 Methods section? Why? B3: What kind of tense is mainly used in the Methods section? Why?,No. As this was a retrospective review with no intervention, ethical approval was not deemed necessary.,Past tense. Because the study was already completed.,Discussion: B4: How many limitations did the author discuss? B5: Where did the author point out possible line of further study? B6: In the final paragraph, what type of conclusion is given, “problem solved”, “not proven”, or “more work needed”?,Three,Last paragraph of the paper.,More wo