国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪5.Cargo Transportation.ppt

1、Chapter Five,Cargo Transportation,SEIB OF GDUFS,2,Learning objectives,After learning this chapter you will be able to understand the importance of ocean transportation and how liner freight is obtained know other modes of transportation in terms of their features, suitability and freight calculation

2、 be aware of the importance of ocean bill of lading and its different types describe a range of other transportation documents stipulate delivery clause in a sales contract,SEIB OF GDUFS,3,5.1 Ocean Transportation,Liner transportation Charter transportation,SEIB OF GDUFS,4,5.1.1 Liner transportation

3、,Liner: definition a vessel with regular sailings and arrivals sailing on a fixed (regular) sailing route calling at fixed (regular) base ports adopting a comparatively fixed timetable charges at comparatively fixed freight rates freight inclusive of loading & unloading cost Liner: types conference

4、liners non-conference liners,SEIB OF GDUFS,5,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Liner Freight = basic freight rate + surcharges and additional Calculation formula of liner freight Total Freight = Total Quantity Basic Freight Rate (1+ Surcharge /Additional Rates) Basic Freight Rate: quoted by the carrier,SEI

5、B OF GDUFS,6,5.1.1 Liner transportation,SEIB OF GDUFS,7,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Surcharges Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor/BAF) Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor/CAF) Port Congestion Surcharge Transshipment Surcharge Port Surcharge ,SEIB OF GDUFS,8,5.1.1 Liner transportati

6、on,Additional Heavy lift additional e.g. for cargo over 5 MT per unit Lengthy cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 9m per unit Bulky cargo additional e.g. for cargo over 6cbm per unit ,SEIB OF GDUFS,9,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Freight calculation: Illustration Suppose: Company A exports 1000 cases

7、of Commodity Y to London. The volume per case is 40cm x 30cm x 20cm, and the gross weight is 30kg per case. For Commodity Y, the freight rate basis is W/M, and the Freight Tariff (China London) is USD230, with a 10% port surcharge. How much is the total freight?,SEIB OF GDUFS,10,5.1.1 Liner transpor

8、tation,Solution: W: 30kg = 0.03 M/T M: 0.4 x 0.3 x 0.2 = 0.024 m3 W M, “W” is the freight basis for the calculation of freight Total Freight = Total Quantity Basic Freight Rate (1+ Surcharge/Additional Rates) = 1000 cases 0.03 M/T USD230 ( 1 +10%) = USD 7590 Answer: The total freight cost is USD7590

9、.,SEIB OF GDUFS,11,5.1.2 Charter transportation,Characteristics No fixed routes No fixed timetables Freight charged on the volume of cargo Suitable for cargo of a complete shipload (e.g. bulk cargo) Types voyage charter: hired based on a particular voyage time charter: the hire of a ship for a perio

10、d of time bare boat charter: the hire of the vessel itself,SEIB OF GDUFS,12,5.1.2 Charter transportation,Charter party the contract between the ship-owner (carrier) and the charterer (shipper) Contents the contract parties the ship conditions: e.g. the ships name, age, nationality, tonnage voyage: e

11、.g. ports of shipment & destination charter freight division of loading & unloading cost lay days, demurrage & dispatch freight payment terms .,SEIB OF GDUFS,13,5.1.2 Charter transportation,Specifying loading & unloading cost Four methods: I. & O. or Liner Terms/Gross Terms: In and Out F.I. :Free In

12、 F.O.: Free Out F.I.O.: Free In and Out Or F.I.O.S.T.: Free In and Out, Stowed and Trimmed,SEIB OF GDUFS,14,5.1.2 Charter transportation,Lay time also called lay day, is the period of time allowed to the charterer for the loading or unloading of goods without additional charge Methods of stipulation

13、 Days or running days or consecutive days Weather working days of 24 hours A weather working day of 24 consecutive hours .,SEIB OF GDUFS,15,5.1.2 Charter transportation,Demurrage the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by the charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in c

14、ase the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time Dispatch the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get loading and unloading done ahead of schedule. normally dispatch money = the demurrage,SEIB OF GDUFS,16,5.2 Other modes of tr

15、ansportation,Air Transportation Rail Transportation & Road Transportation International Multimodal Transportation Container Transportation,SEIB OF GDUFS,17,5.2.1 Air Transportation,Types of air transportation scheduled airlines chartered carriers consolidated consignment air express,SEIB OF GDUFS,18

16、,5.2.1 Air Transportation,Air transportation freight rate general cargo rates minimum charges class rates special commodity rates ,SEIB OF GDUFS,19,5.2.1 Air Transportation,General cargo rates W: by weight (usu.1 kg as the unit) M: by measurement (usu. 6000 cm3 =1kg) W/M: by weight or by measurement

17、, subject to the higher the heavier, the cheaper (unit freight) e.g. 45kg draws a line minimum freight ,SEIB OF GDUFS,20,5.2.1 Air Transportation,Air freight: illustration Company A wants to send one consignment to Sydney, Australia. The goods are packed in 50 cartons, each weighing 15kgs, with meas

18、urement as 50 x 40 x 30cm. The air freight rate is quoted at USD2.00/KG (W/M). How much would the total air freight cost?,SEIB OF GDUFS,21,5.2.1 Air Transportation,Solution W: 15 kg M: (50 x 40 x 30) /6000 = 10kg W M, so W will be adopted for the calculation of air freight Total air freight =Total Q

19、uantity Basic Freight Rate = 50 cartons15kg USD2.00 = USD1500 Answer: the total air freight cost is USD1500.,SEIB OF GDUFS,22,5.2.2 Rail Transportation & Road Transportation,Rail transportation from a dispatching station to a destination station large capacity relatively high speed punctual and econ

20、omical less prone to bad weather, but confined to railroads, therefore less flexible,SEIB OF GDUFS,23,5.2.2 Rail Transportation & Road Transportation,Road transportation from an inland point to the sea port, airport and railway station high flexibility and distributive ability facilitating door-to-d

21、oor service ideal for cargoes in small quantities, but limited in capacity vulnerable to high risk of pilferage and damage in transit relatively higher operation cost,SEIB OF GDUFS,24,5.2.3 International Multimodal Transportation,only one multi-modal transportation operator only one carriage contrac

22、t one freight rate for the whole journey high operating efficiency low operating cost short time period for cargo movement more and more popular in shipping practice,SEIB OF GDUFS,25,5.2.4 Container Transportation,Definition a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-m

23、odal system providing a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportation Features variety in service involving one operator low risk of damage and pilferage substantial cost savings,SEIB OF GDUFS,26,5.2.4 Container Transportation,Types of containers dry cargo container refrigerate

24、d/reefer container tanker container car container Sizes of containers ISO/TC104 （13 sizes of 13 series） Standard sizes (most popular) FEU 8 x 8 x 40 TEU 8 x 8 x 20,SEIB OF GDUFS,27,5.2.4 Container Transportation,Types of service According to place of shipment and destination CY to CY (Container Yard

25、 to Container Yard) CFS to CFS (Container Freight Station to Container Freight Station) DR to DR (Door to Door) DR to CFS (Door to Container Freight Station) CFS to DR (Container Freight Station to door),SEIB OF GDUFS,28,5.2.4 Container Transportation,According to the capacity needed FCL for goods o

26、f full container load freight based on container capacity LCL for cargo in small quantity (less than a container load) Carriers consolidating goods of different shippers to be delivered to the same destination,SEIB OF GDUFS,29,5.2.4 Container Transportation,Container freight FCL: determined mainly b

27、y the capacity of the container the place of shipment Destination LCL: similar to those of the ocean liner service W, M or W/M the distance of voyage surcharges and additional if applicable,SEIB OF GDUFS,30,5.3 Transportation documents,Bill of lading (B/L) Definition a document issued by an ocean ca

28、rrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. Function a receipt of cargo an evidence of contract of carriage a document title to the goods,SEIB OF GDUFS,31,5.3 Transportation documents,Contents on the face Information concerning contracted parties,

29、full particulars of the cargo, terms of carriage contract on the back the general terms and conditions,SEIB OF GDUFS,32,Types of Bill of Lading,according to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel shipped B/L Issued after goods shipped on board the vessel Indicating date of s

30、hipment and name of the vessel received for Shipment B/L Goods being received but not yet loaded Difficult to anticipate date of arrival, so not favorable by buyer Ways of becoming Shipped B/L Exchange for a Shipped B/L after goods are shipped on board Wording such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red

31、 Star on May 10, 2011” added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L,SEIB OF GDUFS,33,Types of Bill of Lading,according to the condition of the exterior packing of the received cargo clean B/L Proof that goods have been “shipped in apparent good order and condition” or “clean on b

32、oard” or the like Favored by buyers and banks for financial settlement unclean B/L Marked as “unclean”, “foul” etc. e.g. 2 cases missing, 3 cartons wet, 1 case broken, cases inadequately packed Usually unacceptable to buyers and banks,SEIB OF GDUFS,34,Types of Bill of Lading,according to the address

33、 of the consignee straight B/L Made out to a designated consignee Only the named consignee is entitled to the cargo Not transferable open B/L No name of a definite consignee The consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wording “To bearer” Can be transferred without endorsement High risk unfa

34、vorable in international trade,SEIB OF GDUFS,35,Types of Bill of Lading,Order B/L Made out to the order of a named person No definite consignee, “To order” “To order of the shipper” or “To order of the consignee” instead Negotiable and transferable，but need endorsement Special endorsement: signature

35、 of the endorser and name of the endorsee Blank endorsement: signature of the endorser but no name of the endorsee Widely used in international trade,SEIB OF GDUFS,36,Types of Bill of Lading,according to whether transshipment is involved in transit direct B/L port of shipment port of destination Pre

36、ferred by the buyer transshipment B/L port of shipment intermediate port port of destination Involving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer Acceptable only when there is no direct service,SEIB OF GDUFS,37,Types of Bill of Lading,according to

37、 the perplexity or simplicity of the content long form B/L detailed shipping contract clause printed on both the face and the back Short form B/L simplified and abbreviated no detailed shipping contract clause esp. on the back not suitable for evidence of contract of carriage,SEIB OF GDUFS,38,Types

38、of Bill of Lading,according to the payment condition of freight freight prepaid B/L Issued only after freight having been paid Normally suitable for Sales Contracts on trade terms (e.g. CFR/CIF ) where the seller is obliged to arrange contract of carriage and pay the freight. freight to be collected

39、 B/L Wording such as “Freight payable at destination” or “Freight to collect at destination” is indicated Normally suitable for Sales Contracts (e.g. FOB) where contract of carriage is arranged by the seller on behalf of the buyer,SEIB OF GDUFS,39,Types of Bill of Lading,according to the validity or

40、iginal B/L Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent Showing “Original” and the number of the signed originals Normally made out in a set of three originals An evidence showing the ownership of goods Presented for taking the delivery of the goods at destination, one is used,

41、 the others becomes void automatically Copy B/L Bearing “Copy” “Duplicate” or “Non-negotiable” Normally only used for reference or for records made out in several to be a full set of together with the originals,SEIB OF GDUFS,40,Types of Bill of Lading,Stale B/L presented later than the latest presen

42、tation date specified in the L/C or presented later than the goods arrival at the destination UCP 600: the B/L shall be presented within 21 days after issuance, unless otherwise stipulated in the credit necessary to add a clause that a “Stale B/L is acceptable” in the contract for short voyages,SEIB

43、 OF GDUFS,41,Types of Bill of Lading,Anti-dated B/L the shipment date shown on the bill being earlier than the actual one issued at the request of the shipper to meet the time of shipment stipulated in the credit for the avoidance of a non-payment constitute a fraud,SEIB OF GDUFS,42,Types of Bill of

44、 Lading,Advanced B/L issued before actual loading of the goods is completed or even before the commencement of the actual loading operation issued when the time of shipment stipulated in the L/C is almost due but the actual loading of the goods is not yet completed or the goods are not ready for shi

45、pment. issued at the request of the seller for the avoidance of a non-payment constitute a fraud,SEIB OF GDUFS,43,Types of Bill of Lading,On deck B/L indicating that the goods are stowed and shipped on deck carrier being responsible for the damage & losses usu. unacceptable to buyer and bank unless

46、the credit stipulates otherwise special arrangement for insurance is needed if applicable,SEIB OF GDUFS,44,5.3 Transportation documents,Other types of transportation documents Sea Waybill Air Waybill Consignment Note (Rail Waybill) Road Consignment Note Multimodal Transportation Document (MTD),SEIB

47、OF GDUFS,45,5.4 Shipment clause in the sales contract,time of shipment vs. time of delivery for shipment contracts time of shipment = time of delivery for all arrival contracts time of shipment time of delivery,SEIB OF GDUFS,46,5.4 Shipment clause in contract,Stipulating methods specifying a fixed p

48、eriod of time or a deadline Shipment is to be made during January/February/March 2011 Shipment not later than 31st July, 2011 setting a time period upon receipt of payment Shipment is to be made within 30 days after receipt of the L/C. The relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than 30th June,

49、 2011.,SEIB OF GDUFS,47,5.4 Shipment clause in contract,Issues concerning time of shipment Sufficiency in terms of availability of goods availability of shipping space Payment Normally L/C should arrive at least 15 days before the time of shipment to allow time for examining and modifying L/C Flexib

50、ility: avoid “shipment on May 15th” Clarity avoid wording like “Immediate shipment”, “Prompt shipment”, “Shipment as soon as possible” etc.,SEIB OF GDUFS,48,5.4 Shipment clause in contract,Issues concerning port of shipment and destination: close to the origin of the goods considering port facilitie

51、s, regulations, specific transportation conditions, charges and possible sanctions. definite and specific being aware of different ports in the same name,SEIB OF GDUFS,49,5.4 Shipment clause in contract,Partial Shipment the commodities under a contract are to be shipped in more than one lot Reasons for partial shipment the lack of means of conveyance shipping space unavailable the limitation of loading or unloading facilities at the port of shipment or destination the restriction of market capacity production ability ,SEIB OF GD