《第二十二条军规》中的反英雄人物 角色解析

1、 毕 业 论 文题 目： 第二十二条军规中的反英雄人物 角色解析 学 院： 外国语学院 专 业： 英语 班 级： 0704 学 号：5 学生姓名： 喻 柳 艳 导师姓名： 王 荣 富 完成日期： 2011年6月 ANALYSIS OF THE ANTI-HERO CHARACTERS IN CATCH-22 THESISSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Bachelor of ArtsIn Hunan Institute of Engineering By: Yu LiuyanSuper

2、visor： Wang Rongfu College of Foreign LanguagesHunan Institute of EngineeringJune 2011诚 信 声 明本人声明：1、本人所呈交的毕业设计（论文）是在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果；2、据查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，毕业设计（论文）中不包含其他人已经公开发表过的研究成果，也不包含为获得其他教育机构的学位而使用过的材料；3、我承诺，本人提交的毕业设计（论文）中的所有内容均真实、可信。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日设计（论文）任务书 题目： 第二十二条军规中的反英雄人物角色解析 姓名 喻柳艳

3、系 外国语学院 专业 英语 班级 0704 学号 5 指导老师 王荣富 职称 讲师 教研室主任 刘欣 一、 基本任务及要求：培养学生独立检索中外文资料的能力，初步具备搜集、整理、筛选信息资料的能力，初步掌握科学研究的基本方法，了解科学研究论文的写作技巧与规范化要求。阅读并充分理解第二十二条军规的原著。在较多地查阅反英雄的定义与特点、小说的写作背景，及对本部小说的本专题的评论著作后，撰写出2500字的文献综述，然后进一步搜集、整理、扩充查阅范围。构思论文框架，撰写出论文提纲，向指导教师提交开题报告。分析、筛选已有的信息资料，提出研究设想与计划撰写论文初稿，完成5000单词左右的英文论文的撰写工作

4、，反复修改，提交二稿、三稿、定稿及打印稿。论文应做到主题明确，结构合理，语言流畅，条理清楚。 二、 进度安排及完成时间： 12011年1月15日前 学生确定论文题目 22011年1月21日2011年3月11日 学生完成文献综述 32011年3月12日3月18日 学生提交开题报告 4. 2011年4月22日 提交论文第一稿 52011年5月13日 提交论文第二稿 62011年5月27日 提交论文第三稿 72011年6月5日 提交论文正稿 82011年6月7日 论文形式审查 92011年6月 9日 学生公开答辩 102011年6月11日 学生进行毕业论文第一轮答辩 112011年 6月18日 学生

5、进行毕业论文第一轮答辩 122011年 6月30日前 论文归档 ContentsAbstract (1)Introduction. .(2)1. Brief Introduction of the Anti-hero.(2)1.1 Definition of the Anti-hero . .(4)1.2 Features of the Anti-hero.(4)2. Characteristic of the Anti-heroes in Catch-22.(5)2.1 Conflict and Uncertainty.(5)2.2 Relentless Quest for Personal

6、ity (7)2.3 The Tragic Fate of the Characters(8)3. Embodiments of the Anti-hero Images in Catch-22(9)3.1 Colonel Cathcart - Arbitrary(9)3.2 Milo - Mercenary.(10)3.3 Lieutenant Scheisskopf - Ambition.(12)3. 4 Doc Daneeka - Untrue wisdom(12)3.5 Yossarian - Fear of Death(13)4 Causes of the Formation of

7、the Anti-heroes in Catch-22 (14)4.1 Bureaucratic Collusion (13)4.2 Religious Bondage. (14) Conclusion(16)Bibliography.(17)Acknowledgements(19)Analysis of the Anti-Hero Characters in Catch-22Abstract: Joseph Heller is a great writer of the Unite State in the 1860s. In his typical work Catch-22, he sh

8、ows numerous absurd, crazy and disorder farces about the world for human beings by means of the fantastic form of war and the vivid depiction of characters. This thesis is aimed to make research into the images of the characters in Catch-22, and focus on the theme revealed in it. From the perspectiv

9、e of the anti hero, this thesis carefully expatiates on Milo who is a mercenary officer; Colonel Cathcart, an arbitrary person and Lieutenant Scheisskopf, who is full of ambition; Yossarian, the bomber, who is afraid to die among the blind-minded common people, and who attempts many stratagems only

10、to get rid of the death and escape from the war. Research into this subject may help us understand the absurd theme in the novel and the dark aspect of American bureaucratic society after World War.Key words: Catch-22; anti-hero; character; absurd第二十二条军规中的反英雄人物角色解析摘 要：约瑟夫海勒是美国十九世纪六十年代伟大作家。在其代表作品 第二十

11、二条军规中，海勒以一种荒诞离奇的战争形式以及对作品中人物的生动地刻画，向人们展示了一幕幕荒诞、疯狂、混乱的人间闹剧。本文笔者将对第二十二条军规中这类型人物形象的特点加以研究，体现其内在的文学主题。从反英雄的视角，本文详细阐述了专横无理的卡思卡特上校，唯利是图的食堂管理员米洛，野心勃勃的谢司科普夫少尉，聪明反被聪明误的丹尼卡医生及“贪生怕死”的轰炸手尤索林。对此课题的研究可以帮助我们理解出这部小说荒诞的主题和战后美国官僚社会的阴暗的一面。关键字：第二十二条军规；反英雄；人物形象；荒谬Introduction Joseph Heller was an American satirical nove

12、list, short story writer and playwright, and one of the most outstanding American novelists and the representative of Black Humor; he was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 1, 1923. His first and best known novel Catch-22 is now widely recognized as one of the most important books written by American

13、 vocabulary to express the frustration of encountering obstacles. The title of this work entered the English lexicon to refer to absurd, no-win choices, particularly in situations in which the desired outcome of the choice is impossibility, and regardless of choice, the same negative outcome is a ce

14、rtainty. Heller is widely regarded as one of the best postWorld War II satirists. Shortly after Catch-22 was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, which would become Something Happened., published in 1974, Good as Gold in 1979, God Knows in 1984, Picture This in 1988, Closing Time

15、 in 1994 Portrait of an Artist as an Old Man in 2000.Catch-22 draws heavily on Hellers Air Force experience and presents a war story that is at once hilarious, grotesque, cynical, and stirring. Even though the theme of Catch-22 is based on the U.S. Air Force team during World War II, In fact, there

16、is no specific description of the war in the novel. Heller once said that he was not interested in the subject of war, in Catch-22, he had no interest in war, and he was interested in the bureaucratic power structure of personal relationships. Heller is in a deep disgust and despair thought. Borrowi

17、ng chaos of war and full of a sense of the wide stage, he shows his absurd sense of social and personal situation in this society and fate.So far, the research on the novel is mainly focused on the following aspects: writing style, plot, black humor, historical accuracy, etc. Many researches are bas

18、ed on the black humor. It is thought that the representative of Black Humor .Some researches do research on the writing style. However there has been seldom research on it from the perspective of the anti-hero. In the following research into the characters in the novel will be made from the perspect

19、ive of the anti-hero. This paper mainly consists of four parts: Part One is a brief introduction to anti-hero, and it includes two sections. The first section is the definition of the anti-hero, while the second section introduces the features of the anti-hero. Part Two is the characteristic of the

20、anti-hero in Catch-22, which includes three sections: conflict and uncertainty, relentless quest for personality and the tragic fate of the characters. This can help us to understand the theme of the anti-hero. Part Three is a detailed analysis of embodiments of the anti-hero images in Catch-22 and

21、it includes five sections. Each section is about an image. There are Colonel Cathcart, Milo, Lieutenant Scheisskopf, Doc Daneeka and Yossarian. Part Four is the causes of the formation of the anti-heroes in Catch-22, it includes two sections, the first section is the bureaucratic collusion, and the

22、second section is the religious bondage. Through the analysis, we can see how the bureaucracy and the religion affect and control the thoughts, behavior and fate of the characters. The conclusion generalizes the paper and the significance and points out from which aspects further research can be mad

23、e into.1. Brief Introduction of the Anti-heroThe anti-hero is a term in modern literature and it has close relation with hero. Its development means the gradual decline of the lofty ideals of human. It emerges and develops, which has great influence on American society. This part is a brief introduc

24、tion of the anti-hero.1.1 Definition of the Anti-heroWhen it comes to the term “anti-hero”, many can answer the question what anti-hero is, but few can give a precise definition acceptable to all. Websters Dictionary gives a concise definition:A protagonist or notable figure who is conspicuously lac

25、king in heroic qualities.The Longman Companion to 20th Century Literature (1981 Edition) gave the “Anti-hero” concept a brief explanation: Anti-hero denies the standard of behavior or the social behavior previously considered as the basis of a civilized society. Such people deliberately resist or to

26、tally disregard the code of conduct, even regard the modern society as a non-human world. (Ward, 1981: 342)And in Websters Encyclopedia, we can find a comparatively more detailed definition: Anti hero, a concept antithetical to “hero”, is a type of roles in films, dramas or novels. Through depicting

27、 changes of fate of such kind of people, writers “falsify” traditional values, which marked the display of individualistic thought, the decline of traditional moral values and the query of ideals and beliefs. Anti-hero is a protagonist or notable figure who is conspicuously lacking in heroic qualiti

28、es. Anti-hero” is not the synonym of “negative character or villain”, but the collective name of a certain type of characters in literary works. 1.2 Features of the Anti-heroAccording to Websters Encyclopedia, the anti-hero has following features: Characteristics of heroes can be summarized as hands

29、ome, capable and well-conducted. In contrast, the anti-hero has such unhealthy and not heroic features as repulsive looks, clumsy action, dull intellect, passive disposition, poor situations, and abnormal conduct, and they are faulted or failing in some fundamental aspects. Anti-heroes can have idea

30、ls and capabilities lofty and great as heroes, or approaching or even inferior to those of ordinary people, but they have to complete something extraordinary all the same. Therefore, the anti-hero is a contradictory character: in a scene, he is a hero, and in another scene, maybe he is the villain o

31、r a persona non grata. Anti-hero is closer to the actual than hero of near-perfect.Yossarian, the main character in Catch-22, is not those of a typical hero, and he does not risk his life to save others; in fact, his primary goal throughout the novel is to avoid risking his life whenever possible. U

32、nlike a conventional hero, Yossarian doesnt generalize this idea to mean that he should risk his own life in attempts to save everybody elses. Colonel Cathcart, the ambitious, unintelligent officer in charge of Yossarians squadron, wants to be a general, and he tries to impress his superiors by brav

33、ely volunteering his men for dangerous combat duty whenever he gets the chance. As he tries to scheme his way ahead, he thinks of successful actions as “father in his cap” and unsuccessful ones as “black eyes.” It is clear that all of them want to be a hero, but what they do is the action of an anti

34、-hero.2. Characteristics of the Anti-heroes in Catch-22The appearance of anti-hero characters marks the declining of the indomitable enterprising spirit, consciousness and tenacious struggle of the hero image, and the anti-hero character is one of the main features of the post-war literature, the th

35、ree characteristics of the anti-hero will be discussed in the following.2.1 Conflict and UncertaintyThe Anti-heros images in Catch-22 are more conflicting and uncertain than the traditional anti-hero images of the hero in literature which have firm will and goals. On one hand, they put importance on

36、 the self- independence and individuation; on the other hand, they display a strong resistance for the reality of powerlessness; when facing the external control in the suppression of individuality, they fail again and again because of the indecisive temperament. This contradiction can often play a

37、very significant tragic sense of humor “effect. The hero Yossarian in Catch-22 is a contradictory character, and he is described in the following chapter:After he had made up his mind to spend the rest of the war in the hospital, Yossarian wrote letters to everyone he knew saying that he was in the

38、hospital but never mentioning why (Joseph Heller, 1961:18). Yossarian was a lead bombardier who had been demoted because he no longer gave a damn whether he missed or not. He had decided to live forever or die in the attempt, and his only mission each time he went up was to come down alive. (Joseph

39、Heller, 1961:25) In one way, he loves life, on the other way, he struggles to escape the war for he may be killed at any time in the environment, and it means he is trying to save his lives, but at the same time, he has shown contempt for the strong feeling of life.Yossarian ridicules the injured so

40、ldiers and attaches importance to his own live in contrast, which shows such a strong contrast between the characters their own cowardice and insensitivity of death. Behind the humor is chilling indifference, the reader can see in all of modern man in his shadow. The other character in the novel, Co

41、lonel Carter, is also a contradictory character, and his nature reflects clearer in the novel:He was dashing and dejected, poised and chagrined. He was complacent and insecure; daring in the administrative stratagems he employed to bring himself to the attention of his superiors and craven in his co

42、ncern that his schemes might all backfire. He was handsome and unattractive, a swashbuckling, beefy, conceited man who was putting on fat and was tormented chronically by prolonged seizures of apprehension. (Joseph Heller, 1961:103)Colonel Carter hates but loves the lieutenant colonel, because he ca

43、n give advice for him; when the priest prays, the content which refers the God and the Bible are forbidden, what the priest prays is that the bomb could be thrown farther. “Then well begin with this afternoons mission. The colonels hostility softened gradually as he applied himself to details. Now,

44、I want you to give a lot of thought to the kind of prayers were going to say. I dont want anything heavy or sad. Id like you to keep it light and snappy, something that will send the boys out feeling pretty good. Do you know what I mean? I dont want any of this Kingdom of God or Valley of Death stuf

45、f. Thats all too negative. What are you making such a sour face for?”（Joseph Heller, 1961:104）Colonel Carter is a microcosm of those in power at that time; the readers laugh at and curse these ridiculous officers, which can vent from this humorous discontent for the real world.2.2 Relentless Quest f

46、or Personality Anti-heroes reflect the personality of contradictions and uncertainties, which make them trapped into the embarrassing situation of self-contradiction, but at the same time, what lies behind this contradictory character is their relentless pursuit in spirit and the constant quest of “

47、self”. In the novel, the hero Yossarian is described as follows: Yossarian did feel almost sick enough to go back into the hospital, and he felt even sicker three combat missions later when Doc Daneeka still shook his melancholy head and refused to ground him. (Joseph Heller, 1961:48)In order to sur

48、vive and break out of the inescapable net woven by the officers who have no patriotism, Yossarian exhausts such methods as lying, malingering, pretending crazy, and even pretends to be assassinated. The most typical approach is staying in the field hospital by pretending sickness to escape the never

49、-ending and randomly increasable flights. His companions fall and injure themselves seriously again and again for the sake of escaping flights and enjoying delicious meals. For such people in the writing, the direction of their efforts -to escape their combat missions- may not be worth encouraging,

50、but it shows their character of striving for the goal. However the odd environment of the military camp created by way of irony makes it difficult for readers to criticize the heros behavior. Instead, readers may generate sympathy and admiration to the heros unremitting efforts in the enjoyment of h

51、umor. Finally, of course, the protagonists spirit was rewarded, he piloting an aero plane towards his ideal country Sweden.2.3 The Tragic Fate of the Characters Anti-hero characters express strong dissatisfaction with reality problems through their own rebellious actions. They are eager to realize i

52、ndividual freedom and find the value of exist. However, the origin of black humor generated from the sense of powerlessness toward the real world determines that the characters in works of black humor are ultimately unable to succeed in escaping the tragic ending. In Catch-22, what frightened Yossar

53、ian was not the ruthless God, although Considering he had full opportunities and authority to act and he made things such a mess, his ineptitude was really surprising enough”(Joseph Heller, 1961:60); nor the roaring gunfire in the battlefield, although it threatened his life every minute, but the in

54、visible and insurmountable existence of “catch” which horripilated him and put him in panic all day long: “Sure theres a catch,” Doc Daneeka replied. “Catch-22, Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isnt really crazy. There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be gr