初中被动语态语法讲解

1、1、 语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象，通常翻译为“被”“由”等，巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所

2、谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 一般现在时：am / is / are + done 一般过去时：was / were + done 一般将来时：shall / will + be done 现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时：was /

3、 were + being + done 现在完成时：have / has + been + done歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。例子 1. 一般现在时： My parents dont allow me to go out at night. I am not allowed to go out at night. 2. 一般过去时： They ate much food last night. Much food was eaten last night. 3. 一般将来时： They will send cars to the USA by sea. Cars will b

4、e sent to the USA by sea. 4. 现在进行时： We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 5. 过去进行时： The workers were mending the road. The road was being mended. 6. 现在完成时： He has finished his homework. His homework has been finished.三、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“

5、to”仍要保留。 歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. You must hand in your papers after class. Your papers must be handed in after class.四、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：Some

6、 new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。 (2) 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；

7、动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。五、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are madeby themin the factory. 歌诀

8、是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 六、语态转换时所注意的问题1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误)2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my b

9、irthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, pass, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her. 2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语

10、前用介词 for, 如：buy, cook, do, find, get, make, sing 等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us. (3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, tal

11、k about 等。 The patient is looked after well. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about.及物动词+ 副词：如：find out, give up, hand in, pass on, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out 等。 His secret was found out. The sports meeting will be put off because of the bad weather.4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)

12、的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar.He is often hea

13、rd to play the guitar.5. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? Who was the story written by? By whom was the story written?8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很

14、好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。9. 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, smell等。 (1) Do you like the dress? Yes, it feels very soft. (2)The food tastes delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful.10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说 It is said that 据报导 It is reported that 据推测 It is supposed that 希望 It