ACT-English 第二章. 第一讲

1、第二章 语法规则(Usage/Mechanics)ACT English考察英语语法规则(Usage/Mechanics)及修辞技巧(Rhetorical skills)，本章分十讲介绍语法规则的考题分类及答题方法，包括方法论的讲解、相关实战演练题目集中训练、以及详细解析。第一讲句子结构PART I 方法论在ACT-English中，句子结构题的答题思路，即分析句子的主语和谓语，是正确解题的关键。本讲将对常考的错误句子结构进行剖析讲解，提高学生对考题形式的敏感度，同时给出相应的正确用法，化繁为简，由浅入深。ACT-English中错误句子结构如下：缺谓语、缺主语、缺连词、多连词。以下进行分类讲

2、解：1. 缺谓语难点：谓语动词和非谓语动词的区分谓语用以说明主语的动作、状态或者特征，一般是跟在主语后面的动词。常见的谓语动词的形式为(1)be doing/be done/do/ does/did/ have done/has done/had done/will do/ would do(2) am/ is/are/ was/were非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外其他句子成分的动词形式。非谓语动词包括：to do， doing，done，这三种基本形式，这三种形式会有其相应的变形，具体形式如下：非谓种类时态主动被动to do一般时 to doto be done完成时 to have

3、 doneto have been done进行时to be doingDoing一般时doingbeing done完成时having donehaving been doneDone一般时done非谓语动词作用如下：作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语。例如：Reading books helps me a lot.(作主语) He enjoys singing.（作宾语） The man sitting there looks unhappy.(作定语)To complete the work on time, he worked very hard.（作状语）Her dream is to

4、be a translator.（做表语）解题时，应注意区分谓语动词与非谓语动词的形式，凡主语后使用非谓语动词形式均为无谓语错误。见例题：例题1：This rise in marijuana use caused in part because most teenagers do not believe that smoking marijuana is harmful to their health.A. NO CHANGEB. is causedC. causingD. that caused答案：B解题思路主语：this rise；谓语：无，caused为过去分词形式，不能作谓语，应该使

5、用is caused，故此题选B。题目译文导致大麻使用量上升部分原因是大部分的青少年认为吸食大麻不会危害他们的健康。例题 2：Then the researcherswho randomly rearranged all the words in the texts.F.NO CHANGE G. randomly rearranging H. randomly rearrangedJ. randomly to rearrange答案：H解题思路主语：the researchers；who引导定语从句修饰主语，使句子缺谓语，把who去掉，句子谓语：rearranged，故此题选H。题目译文之后，

6、研究人员随机重新排列文本中的词。2. 缺主语难点：确定主语主语是一句话中的主体，通常是名词、名词短语、代词或者句子，置于谓语动词前面。如下例子中划线部分为各个句子的主语。Life is colorful.My friends and family mean a lot to me.He will help me whenever I need him.缺少主语的句式通常是指以介词短语（例如by doing）充当主语的错误句式，或无主句的错误句式。见例题：例题：When they took notes longhand than when they took them using the lap

7、top,doingmuch better on the conceptual questions.A. NO CHANGEB.they didC. having doneD. being that they did答案：B解题思路When 引导从句，从句主语：they；从句谓语：took；than引导比较句，从句主语：they；从句谓语：took；主句doingquestions短语，缺少主语和谓语，主句应该有主语和谓语，故B选项正确。题目译文在概念性问题上，手写记笔记的学生得分要远远超过用笔记本电脑记笔记的学生。3. 多连词难点：连词的识别正确的英语句式规则要求两个句子之间只使用一个连词，但

8、是ACT-English考题的错误选项的设置，常常把并列连词and, but, or, so和从属连词when, while, as, because, before, after, if, although, though, unless等同时使用，造成多连词错误。故答题时清楚连词个数至关重要，尤其不要忽略句首的连词。见例题：例题：Even when people were given these instructions, and they still had a greater tendency to type what they heard than people who were t

9、aking notes longhand.F .NO CHANGEG. instructions and theyH. instructions thatJ.instructions, they答案：J解题思路Even when引导从句，从句主语：people；从句谓语：were given；and连词连接另一句子，主句主语：they；主语谓语：had；and连词多余，所以将and去掉即可，故此题选J。题目译文即使给出他们相同的建议，习惯用电脑记笔记的人比习惯用手写记笔记的人更倾向于打出他们听到的内容。补充：独立主格独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的结构。此结构只是一个修饰成分

10、，不是一个完整句，故独立主格结构和一个完整句子之间不需要加连词。例如：Many friends to attend my birthday party, I feel excited.解析：manyparty短语是独立主格，句子主语：I；谓语：feel。独立主格和句子之间不需要加连词。例题：There are up to a million miners in Sierra Leone, and only a thousand of them having licenses.A. NO CHANGEB. Leone and onlyC. Leone, only D. Leone.答案：C解题思

11、路主语：up to a million miners；谓语：are；and连词后面连接独立主格结构，所以此处and多余，故此题选C。题目译文在塞拉利昂有多达一百万名矿工，但是他们之中只有一千人有工作许可证。4. 缺连词两个独立的句子之间需要用连词或者用分号连接。而ACT-English中，常考察句子与句子之间缺连词的题型。难点：连词和副词的区分在英语语法规则中，副词不具备连接两个句子的功能，而连词则可以。在一些考题中，区分连词与副词是解题的关键，本讲对常考的连词与副词总结如下：常考的连词：and, but, or ,yet, while, when, before, after, as, al

12、though, if, unless等。常考副词：however, moreover, furthermore, then, thus, nevertheless, nonetheless等用法见例题：例题：Students did about equally well on the factual questions regardless of how they took notes, however, the students did much better on the conceptual questions when they took notes longhand than whe

13、n they took them using the laptop.F.NO CHANGEG. took notes. HoweverH. took notes; butJ. took notes. But 答案：G解题思路第一个句子主语：students；谓语：did；副词however表转折关系；第二个句子主语：the students；谓语：did；两句话之间缺连词，F选项错误，G选项用句话隔开两个句子，正确，故此题选项G。题目译文在事实性问题上，无论是用什么方式记笔记的，两组学生表现相当。然而，在概念性问题上，手写组得分要远远超过电脑组。PART II实战演练1.That an Afr

14、ican American can achieve such success was not easy at that time,that therefore,Anderson became an important figure in the struggle for black artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States . A. NO CHANGEB. time, therefore,C. time; therefore,D. time, which therefore2.What she had suffered

15、from the racial prejudice drove Marian Anderson originally to establish The Marian Anderson Award in 1943 after she was awarded the $10,000 Bok Prize that year by the city of Philadelphia.F.NO CHANGEG. and drove Marian Anderson originally to establishH. which drove Marian Anderson originally to esta

16、blishJ. driving Marian Anderson originally to 3.The other members of the Joy Luck Club to give her money to travel to China so that she can find her mothers long-lost twin daughters, telling them Suyuans story.A. NO CHANGEB. givingC. which givesD. give4.The fact that Einstein experimented with the s

17、teady-state concept demonstrates his continued resistance to the idea of a Big Bang, which he at first found “abominable”, even though other theoreticians had shown it to be a natural consequence of his general theory of relativity.F. NO CHANGEG. “abominable”, even soH. “abominable”, however,J. “abo

18、minable”,5. Disappointment expressed by a group of blind students visiting the planetarium in 1984 which inspired Grace to find a way to enable blind people to explore the heavens by touchA. NO CHANGEB.inspiringC.to inspireD. inspired6. Born and raised in the Caribbean, and Hamilton attended Kings C

19、ollege (now Columbia University) in New York.F.NO CHANGEG.Caribbean, HamiltonH.Caribbean and HamiltonJ. Caribbean, but Hamilton7.After graduating from high school in Boston in 1854, Pierpont, as he was known, studied in Europe, where he learned French and German, then returned toNew York in 1857 to

20、begin his finance career.A. NO CHANGEB. German, and then returned toC. German and then returned toD. German: then returned to8.Morgan initially was widely commended for leading Wall Street out of the 1907 financial crisis; however, in the ensuing years the portly banker with the handlebar mustache a

21、nd gruff manner faced increasing criticism from muckraking journalists, progressive politicians and others had too much power and could manipulate the financial system for his own gain.F. NO CHANGEG. and others he had too much powerH. and others which he had too much powerJ. and others that he had t

22、oo much power9.From this humble beginning to grow the first baseball player to break Major League Baseballs color barrier that segregated the sport for more than 50 years.A. NO CHANGEB. would growC. could have grownD.growing10.In 1979, as a curious and hard-working graduate student at the University

23、 of Montana, andDiane Boyd began tracking a wolf that had been trapped and radio-collared earlier in the year.F. NO CHANGEG.so Diane Boyd began trackingH.Diane Boyd began trackingJ. and then Diane Boyd began tracking11.Their answer backed up Dumas hypothesis: that more frequent drinkingconsuming a l

24、arger number of drinks during ones episodeand engaging in more heavy drinking occasions in the past year, which would be associated with higher peer group status.A. NO CHANGEB. the past year associated withC. the past year associating withD. the past year, would be associated with12.Montana was just

25、 named the most fiscally responsible state in the country; and jeopardizing our future prosperity in order to satisfy a narrow interest group that would prefer to see strip malls and condos along ridgelines and streams just doesnt make sense.F. NO CHANGEG. country; jeopardizingH. country, jeopardizi

26、ngJ. country: jeopardizing13.The most noticeable is that when I started teaching, students took notes in notebooks, and now almost every desk has a laptop on it when I give a lecture.A. NO CHANGEB.notebooks, but nowC. notebooks, nowD. notebooks, where14. One type of climate changecalled global warmi

27、ng, which is causing a constant rise in the Earths temperature.F. NO CHANGEG. that is called global warmingH.is called global warmingJ.OMIT the underlined portion15.In languages as diverse as Chinese, English and Sumerian, a measure of the linguistic order, in the way words are arranged, is somethin

28、g that seems to be a universal of languages.”A. NO CHANGEB. something thatC. while somethingD.something16.Its those memorable moments and our very birthright as Montanans that are at risk if those who seek to transfer the management of federal lands to states allowed to succeed.F. NO CHANGEG.to stat

29、esare allowedH.to states, and are allowedJ.OMIT the underlined portion17.While our states budget is in strong fiscal shape, we do not have the resources to take over management of these lands.A. NO CHANGEB. shape and weC.shape, and weD. shape, but we18.The next generation of baby stars forms from th

30、is material now enriched with building blocks for growing new solar systems and planets.F.NO CHANGEG. this material is now enriched withH. this material being enriched withJ. this material which now enriched with19.Older preschoolers were also more likely to decide whether they wanted researchers to

31、 see their answers based on their confidence level.A. NO CHANGEB. answers are based onC. answers basing onD. answers that based on20.In early June, meteorologists at the National Weather Service in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were puzzled, andthere was a big splotch on the radar that didnt look like an

32、y weather system theyd ever seen.F. NO CHANGEG. were puzzled: thereH.were puzzled, thereJ. were puzzled, so there21. John, an agricultural extension agent at New Mexico State University, said that the states dry winter allowed more grasshopper eggs than usual to hatch this spring, and the ongoing dr

33、ought had caused a dearth of fresh growth on rural rangeland, therefore forced the swarm to take flight in search of greener pastures.A. NO CHANGEB. rangeland, forcingC. rangeland and forcingD. rangeland, which forced22.As climate change continues to impact weather patterns across the West, will gra

34、sshopper swarms big enough to show up on Doppler radar become a more regular concern?F. NO CHANGEG.ClimateH. As a result of climateJ. With climate23.Doing most of the work himself, George gutted the entire space,he replaced the builders-grade cabinets with semicustom maple units in a natural finish,

35、 a move that totally transformed the look of the kitchen.A. NO CHANGEB. space.He replacedC. space, then he replacedD. space, which he replaced24.Womens fashion changed; corsetry was softened and clothing became more practical, with some working women even wearing trousers for the first time.F. NO CH

36、ANGEG. changed, corsetryH. changed, then corsetryJ. changed, actually corsetry25.Tarter, like many SETI scientists, drew into the search by the early work of astronomer Frank Drake.A. NO CHANGEB. drawn intoC.wasdrew intoD. was drawn into26.Our findings suggest that impressions from still photos of i

37、ndividuals deeply misleading,F. NO CHANGEG.being deeply H. to be deeplyJ. could be deeply27.The photos all taken in similar lighting but headshots of some of the people were varied to show slightly different facial expressions.A.NO CHANGEB. lighting, but headshots ofC. lighting, headshots ofD. light

38、ing.Headshots of28.Its like the Wild West, a place that obeys its own laws, because all it takes is one big stone to change a persons life, for better or for worse.F.NO CHANGEG. and a place that obeysH. a place obeysJ. and is a place that obeys29.The manuscript thought to have been produced during a

39、 trip to California in 1931 in part because it was written on American note paper.A. NO CHANGEB. which thought toC.was thought toD.OMIT the underline portion30.The researchers assumed when the teenage brain is still developing, regular marijuana use would affect the brains of teenagers and adults di

40、fferently.F. NO CHANGEG.that becauseH. thatJ. that whenPART III演练解析1.答案：C解题思路第一个句子主语：Thatsuccess句子；谓语：was； therefore是副词表结果，that多余；第二个句子主语：Anderson；谓语：became；两个句子之间缺少连词，A选项错误；B选项同A错误；C选项使用分号隔开两个句子正确；D选项which引导定语从句修饰time，逻辑错误，代词用法请交叉参考p.88；故此题选C。题目译文非裔美国人在那时很难取得这样的成就。因此，安德森成为了为黑人艺术家克服种族歧视而努力的重要人物。2.答案

41、：F解题思路主语：whatprejudice句子；谓语：drove；句子结构正确，故此题选F。题目译文玛丽安.安德森所遭受的种族歧视促使她在获得费城给她颁发的一万美元的博克奖之后，于1943年创立了玛丽安.安德森奖项。3.答案：D解题思路主语：the other members；谓语：无，to give是非谓短语不能作谓语，此处需要谓语give，故此题选D。题目译文其他喜福会成员资助她让其前往中国，以便她能找到她母亲失散多年的双胞胎女儿，告诉他们素媛的故事。4.答案：F解题思路主句主语：the fact；主句谓语demonstrates；that引导同位语从句修饰主语，从句主语：Einstei

42、n；从句谓语：experimented；which引导定语从句修饰the idea，从句主语：he；从句谓语found；even though引导让步状语从句，从句主语：other theoreticians；从句谓语：had shown，句子结构正确，故此题选项F。题目译文爱因斯坦曾尝试使用稳态概念进行实验的事实表明了他一直反对大爆炸理论，即使其他理论学家曾表示，这一理论是他的普遍相对的自然结果，他起初还是认为大爆炸理论很糟糕。5.答案：D解题思路主语：disappointment；expressedin 1984短语作定语修饰主语；which引导定语从句修饰主语，使句子缺谓语，可将whic

43、h去掉，句子谓语：inspired，故此题选项D。题目译文一群盲人学生参观天文馆时所表现出来的失望启发了格蕾丝去找到一种方法使盲人能够通过触摸来探索天际。6.答案：G解题思路Bornthe Caribbean短语作状语修饰主语，and连词连接句子，主语：Hamilton；谓语：attended；连词and多余，可将and去掉，故此题选项G。题目译文出生并生长在加勒比海，哈密尔顿就读于纽约的国王学院（也就是现在哥伦比亚大学）。7.答案：B解题思路Afterin 1854短语作状语修饰主语，主句主语：Pierpont；asknown作插入语；主语谓语：studied；where引导定语从句，从句主

44、语：he；谓语：learned；副词then表示顺成，动词returned是主句谓语，与studied之间缺连词；B选项句子结构正确；C选项不符合原句意思，变成learned和returned并列作he的谓语；D选项冒号之后内容不是对其前面的解释，错误；故此题选B。题目译文1854年，从波士顿高中毕业后，皮尔庞特去欧洲学习，在那里他学习了法语和德语，并于1857年回到纽约开始他的金融事业。8.答案：J解题思路主语：Morgan；谓语：was commended；分号之后连接句子，主语：the portly banker；谓语：faced；连词and之后连接的句子，与and前面的两个名词短语不平

45、行，平行用法可交叉参考p.98，故F选项错误；H选项which不能指代others，代词用可交叉参考p.88，故H选项错误；J选项连and之后的others与之前的名词短语平行，that引导同位语从句，修饰名词criticism，正确，故此题选J。题目译文摩根最初被广为称赞是因为他引领整个华尔街走出1907年的金融危机；然而，在接下来的几年里，这位大腹便便，留着络腮胡子，行事粗鲁的银行家却受到越来越多的来自于八卦记者、激进政治家以及其他人的指责，指责他拥有太多的权利，甚至操纵金融体系为自己牟利。9.答案：D解题思路From beginning介词短语作状语，此句式为倒装句；谓语：无，to gr

46、ow是非谓短语不能作谓语；主语：the first baseball player，A选项错误，D选项同A错误；B选项would grow作谓语，正确；C选项时态错误；故此题选B。题目译文出身低微，他成为了第一个打破美国职业棒球联赛所设定长达五十多年的肤色障碍的棒球球员。10.答案：H解题思路Asof Montana短语作状语修饰主语，and连词连接句子，主语：Diane Boyd；谓语：began；连词and多余，可将and去掉，故此题选项H。题目译文作为一个求知欲强并且学习刻苦的蒙大拿大学的研究生，在1979年，戴安博伊德开始追踪一只年初被捕获并带上无线电项圈的狼。11.答案：D解题思路主

47、句主语：their answer；主句谓语：backed；that引导同位语从句修饰hypothesis，从句主语：more frequent drinking and engaging；which引导定语从句修饰the past year，使that从句中缺谓语可将which去掉，that从句中谓语：would be associated；故此题选D。题目译文他们的回答支持了大仲马的假说：更频繁的饮酒（也就是说在一次活动中饮多种酒）并且在过去的一年中多次参加需要大量饮酒的活动，与他们在同伴之间有较高地位有关。12.答案：G解题思路第一个句子主语：Montana；谓语：was named；分号

48、之后and连词连接第二个句子，主语：jeopardizingstreams短语；谓语doesnt make，连词and多余，因为两句话之间已经有分号，故此题选G。题目译文蒙大拿被认为是在财政上最负责任的州；只为了满足个别利益集团想要沿着山脊线和小溪建商场和公寓的的利益，而损坏整个州的未来繁荣是行不通的。13.答案：B解题思路主语：the most noticeable；谓语：is；that引导表语从句，从句中when引导状语从句，从句主语：I；从句谓语；started；主句主语：students；主句谓语：took；连词and连接表语从句中并列句，并列句中主句主语：every desk；主句谓

49、语：has；when引导从句，从句主语：I；从句谓语：give，连词and表并列，逻辑错误，应该表对比，故此题选B。题目译文最值得注意的是，当我开始教学时，学生用笔在笔记本上记笔记，但现在我上课的时候，几乎每一个桌子上有一台笔记本电脑。14.答案：H解题思路主语：one type of climate change；谓语：无，called是非谓短语，表被动，不能作谓语，应改成is called，故此题选H。题目译文有一种气候变化被称为全球变暖，它会导致地球的温度不断上升。15.答案：A解题思路In.Sumerian短语作状语；主语：a measure of the linguistic ord

50、er；inarranged短语作插入语；谓语 is；句子结构正确，故此题选A。题目译文在不同的语言中，（如汉语、英语和苏美尔）衡量语言顺序，即文字排列的方式，似乎是一种通用的语言。16.答案：G解题思路it isthat句式是强调句，句子主语those memorable moments and our very birthright as Montanans；谓语：are；if引导条件状语从句，从句主语：those；who引导定语从句修饰those，定语从句主语：who；定语从句谓语：seek；if从句无谓语，allowed是非谓语，应使用 are allowed，故此题选G。题目译文如果那

51、些企图将联邦土地管理权下放的人得逞了，那么那些难忘的时光以及我们作为蒙大拿人所与生俱来的权力就会收到威胁。17.答案：A解题思路While引导从句，从句主语：our states budget；从句谓语：is；主句主语：we；主句谓语：do not have；句子结构正确，故此题选项A。题目译文虽然我们国家的预算仍然处于良好的财政状况，但是我们还没有资源来接管这些土地。18.答案：F解题思路主语：the next generation；谓语：forms；enrichedplanets短语作定语修饰this material；句子结构正确，故此题选项F。题目译文为了形成新的太阳系以及行星，新一代

52、的恒星从现存的这种富含构建行星的建造材料中形成。19.答案：A解题思路主句主语：older preschoolers；谓语：were；whether引导宾语从句，从句主语：they；从句谓语：wanted；basedlevel短语作定语修饰answers，句子结构正确，故此题选A。题目译文年龄大一点的学龄前儿童更容易决定是否想要研究人员看到他们基于自己的信心水平给出的答案。20.答案：G解题思路主语：meteorologists；谓语：were puzzled；连词and连接并列句，谓语：was；主语：a big splotch；根据句意判断，and之后的句子是对其前面句子的解释说明，所以使用

53、and连接，错误，应使用冒号，故此题选G。题目译文6月初，新墨西哥的阿尔伯克基国家气象局的气象学家们对一个问题感到困惑：在雷达上发现一个大斑点，它看起来不像他们之前见过的任何天气系统。21.答案：B解题思路主句主语：John；anUniversity短语作同位语修饰主语；主句谓语：said；that引导宾语从句，从句主语：the states dry winter；从句谓语：allowed；and连词连接并列句，主语：the ongoing drought；谓语：had caused；副词therefore表结果，forced动词与其前面句子之间缺连词，故A选项错误；B选项，forcingpastures短语作状语，修饰从句主语the ongoing drought，句子结构正确；C选项and连接动词had caused与forcing不平行，平行用法可交叉参考p.98；D选项which从句修饰rangeland，逻辑错误；故此题选项B。题目译文一位新墨西哥州立大学农业推广代理约翰说，该州干燥的冬天使得今年春天比往年有更多的蝗虫卵孵化，并且持续的干旱