英语句子成分

1、 英语句子成分 英语的句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语、同位语。主语（S）：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等表示。主语常用 标示。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is

2、very difficult to remember 200 words in an hour. （It形式主语，不定式是真正主语）谓语（V）：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语一般由动词充当，放在主语之后。谓语常用 标示。He smiled. We are students. He has caught a bad cold.You may keep the book for two weeks. 宾语（O）：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语常用 标示。宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）W

3、e need two pens. （数词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you hear what he said? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of sleeping alone at night? Under the snow, there are many rocks.He is angry with you.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor

4、man some money.4） 形式宾语- it 做形式宾语，而真正的宾语在宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡。这是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very interesting to talk with my foreign teacher.表语（P）：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句表示。表语常用 标示。He is a teacher. （名词

5、） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, and I cant buy a ring.”（不定式）The question is whether they will come. （从句）常见的系动词有：be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, feel（感觉）, remain（保持，仍是）etc.The sound sounds st

6、range. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.定语（Attr）：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、不定式、定语从句等。定语常用 标示。She is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He was told to teach the (lazy) boy a lesson.（形容词）The woman (with a baby) is my sister.

7、 (介词)The boys (playing football) are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees (planted last year) are growing well now. （过去分词） I have something (to do). （不定式）You should respect the man (who saved a little boy). （定语从句）状语（Adv）：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、原因、结果、条件、目的等。可用作状语的有副词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。状语常用 标示。如：

8、He runs slowly. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.He is fond of reading newspaper, as he can know more about the latest news.宾语补足语（OC）：补充说明宾语的叫宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补常用 标示。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些

9、及物动词（如make, find等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。We elected him . （名词） They painted their boat . （形容词）We will make them . （形容词） Please make yourself . （介词短语） His father asked him . （不定式）Dont keep the fire . （现在分词） 双宾语和宾补的区别：He gave me a book. (他给我一本书） 在这个句子中，me作间接宾语，a book作直接宾语。如果一个句子中的某一个动词接

10、了两个宾语，那么，指“人”的是间接宾语，指“物”的为直接宾语。而且，这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系，如：你不能说 I am a book. 如果一个动词后所接的两个宾语能够形成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是宾语和宾补的关系。例： We elected him .在这个句子中，宾语him可以和后面的monitor构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即：he is a monitor. 区分双宾和宾补：They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. They asked us to leave at once. 同位语（Appo）：一个名

11、词或其它形式，跟在另一个名词或代词后并对其进行解释、说明或限定，这个名词或其它形式就是同位语。同位语与被它说明的先行词的格要一致，并且前后两项所指相同,句法功能也相同。同位关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;同位语只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。1. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.（“Mr. Smith”是主语，“our new teacher”是同位语，指同一人。）2. Yesterday I met Tom, my brothers friend.（Tom是宾语, “my brothers friend”是同位语，指同一人。）3. Alice

12、, a shy girl, argued with us. （Alice 是主语，“a shy girl”是同位语，指Alice。）简单句的五种基本句型 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：1. 主谓结构: S十V (不及物动词) She came He laughed.2. 主系表结构: S十V(系动词)十P She is happyYou are a student.3. 主谓宾结构：S十V (及物动词)十O She likes English.4. 主谓双

13、宾结构：S十V(双宾动词)十IO十DO She gave John a book5. 主谓宾补结构： S十V(宾补动词)十O十C She makes her mother angryS主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；IO间接宾语；DO直接宾语；C宾语补足语基本句型一：主谓结构 （ SV）主谓结构：主语+不及物动词。不及物动词常见的有：laugh, come, go, die, happen等。如：She laughed. He came. 补充: 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语

14、的动词有：lead/livelife, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run等。例如：In the end, the prince and the princess led/lived a happy life. I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 基本句型二: 主系表结构 （SVP）主系表结构：主语+系动词+表语。系动词一般可分为下列两类：A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, smell, taste, sound等等。如：The dress looks beaut

15、iful. The food tastes bad.B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come等等。如：It is getting warmer and warmer. 天气变得越来越暖和。The leaves turn green. 树叶变绿了。基本句型三:主谓宾结构 (SVO)主谓宾结构：主语+及物动词+宾语。如：I saw a movie yesterday. I do my homework.基本句型四: 主谓双宾结构 (S V IO DO)，IO间接宾语；DO直接宾语这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物

16、”。如：Yesterday her father bought her a bike as a birthday present. The old man is telling the children stories.这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：A. 动词 直宾 for sb.； B. 动词 直宾 to sb.。即：主+谓+间宾+直宾=主+谓+直宾+for/to+间宾Hell buy her mother a present. = Hell buy a present for her mother.Ill give you a good chance as long as you stu

17、dy hard. = Ill give a good chance to you as long as you study hard.基本句型五:主谓宾补结构 (SVOC)这种句型中的宾语补语可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：Keep the children quiet, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。我们发现他是一个诚实的人。_.There be 句型：表示人或事物存在的概念,一般译作有,但应注意与表示具有概念的“有”(have)的区别。一个表示“存在”，一

18、个表示“拥有”。例如：I have two birds. 我有两只鸟。(鸟为我所有)There are two birds in the cage. 笼子里有两只鸟。 (鸟在笼子里)本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词 be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。注意:动词 be 要和其后的主语取得一致。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化（就近原则）。There be 句型的一般将来时形式：There

19、 will be There is going to be 在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示来往,存在,发生之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。1. There is a dictionary on the desk. 2. There will be a sports meet next week.3. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom. 4. There used to be a shop on the co

20、rner of the street. 5. There stands a hill in the middle of the park.6. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.练习:一划分下列句子成分：1. Nothing happens. 2. Grace lent me some money.3. He told me a story. 4. The news made him unhappy. 5. I feel it very pleasant to be with your family. 6. He told

21、 us to keep quiet in the hospital7. My father often helps me study English 8. The food seems to be nice.9. The story sounds interesting. 10. Getting up early is helpful to our health.11. His only interest in life, traveling around, has brought him a lot of friends.12. Mr. Johnson cares for us studen

22、ts very much.二单选1. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold2. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet3. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded4. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A

23、. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we5. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly6. I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is7. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked8. When autumn comes, some tree leaves _ red. A. sound B. turn C. smell D. taste9. There _ a book and a pen on the desk A