[基础语法] 大学英语六级考试常用语法精选

1、基础语法 大学英语六级考试常用语法精选现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being point

2、ed out to the customers. 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式. I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method. 但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘. 现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中. Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been m

3、ade, the next problem was how to make a good plan. All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home. 句法功用 作主语: Walking is good exercise. Its nice talking to you. There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity. 作宾语: Yo

4、ur shoes need polishing. You mustnt delay sending the tractors over. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspectof, accuseof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain

5、 from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about, spendin, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be resp

6、onsible for. 作表语: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people. 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式. 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语. The words immediately set us all laughing. Once we caught him dozing of

7、f in class. His remark left me wondering what he was driving at. 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了. Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬. I

8、ran out of the house shouting. I got home, feeling very tired. Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought. 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Having already seen

9、the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句: Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days they spent together. 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构. Be careful when crossing the street. When leaving the airport, they waved again and aga

10、in to us. She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself. Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my stay

11、ing there for supper. 如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些. I dont mind him going. She hates people losing their temper. 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consi

12、der, deny, endure, escape, miss 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, cant bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, cant afford等. 有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的. I remember seei

13、ng her once somewhere. I must remember to take my notebooks with me. I regret not having accepted your advice. I regret to say I havent given you enough help. She doesnt want (need) to come. The house wants (needs) cleaning. We must try to get everything done in time. Lets try doing the work some ot

14、her way. 悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态. Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确) Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误) Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确) Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (错误) 分词 意

15、义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义. frozen fooda freezing wind a bored travellera boring journey a lost causea losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished articlethe last finishing touch the spoken worda speaking bird a closed shopthe closing hour

16、a recorded talka recording machine 来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义. the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于

17、关系分句. Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends. 句法作用 作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区 分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高

18、度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有: see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词. I saw the students assembled in the hall. We found her greatly changed. make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词: I have my hair cut every ten days. She got her bad

19、 tooth pulled out. Please keep us informed of the latest developments. like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词: I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal. He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting. 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况. Guided by these principles, the

20、y went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager. 过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句. This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total productio

21、n. 间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句. Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong. 偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句. Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years. 独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况. He rushed into the room, his face cover

22、ed with sweat. 有时可以表示时间: Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute. 表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter. 条件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and re

23、creation rooms. Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17. Standing beside the table was an interpreter. 6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装: Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only th

24、rough sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. 有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装: Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a ve

25、ry good repair job either. 比较级和最高级 无比较级和最高级的形容词及副词: complete, perfect, utter, etc 比较从句 asas, almost/just/nearly asas, not so/as as: Well give you as much help as we can. I havent made as much progress as I should. Weve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago. My command of En

26、glish is not half so (as) good as yours. than, so much/a lot more than, no more than, not morethan, less than morethan, lessthan可表示“与其说不如说”: He is more good than bad. He was less hurt than frightened. The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis. “no +

27、形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以是该形容词或副词的相反的含义: no rich than = as poor as no bigger than = as small as no later than = as early as John is no better than Tom. I have taken no more than six courses this semester. the more the more (越是就越) Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels. The more they talked,

28、the more encouraged they felt. more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 当as much of aas, more/less of a than等结构与单数可数名词搭配时, 名词只能置于比较结构中间. He is more of a sportsman than his brother. 名词性从句: 名词性从句包括主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句. 主语从句有三类: 由what等代词引导的主语从句: what表示“所的(东西)”, 在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句; whatever表示“所的一切”; w

29、hoever表示“一切的人”. What you need is more practice What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. Whatever I have is at your service. Whoever comes will be welcome. Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder. 连词 并列连词 表示意义的引申: and, b

30、othand, not onlybut(also), as well as, and as well, neithernor 表示选择: or, eitheror 表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词) 表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence 从属连词 表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once 表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing t

31、hat 表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that), 表示其他关系: (al)though, than, as/soas, lest, in order that, sothat 定语从句 限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开. The boys who wanted to play football were d

32、isappointed when it rained. The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的: Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you. Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, die

33、d last night. All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代. My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday. All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl

34、. 定语从句的引导词 that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom. Here is the man (whom) youve been looking for. He is a man (that) you can safely depend on. The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes. There are s

35、ome people here who I want you to meet. 但在介词后只能用whom: This is the man to whom I referred. 但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. The girl (who/that) I spok

36、e to is my cousin. 限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时): Have you everything you need? (Is there) anything I can do for you? All you have to do is to press the button. 倒装 全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的

37、句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面: Here are some registered letters for you. In came a man with a white beard. 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post. I couldnt answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class. Only in this way is it po

38、ssible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task. 以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前. “We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others. He didnt drop any hi

39、nt. Nor (Neither) did his secretary. “I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.” 如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒. “It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.” 当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装. No longer

40、are they staying with us. No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle. 表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装: There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. The door burst open and I rushed the crowd. There come

41、s the bus! Now comes your turn. 如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序: There comes your turn. 有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装: Here is Chinas largest tropical forest. Here are some picture-books. 如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序: Here we are. This is the new railway station. “Give me some paper.” “Here you are.” 表语和系动词提前: 介词短语: On the other side

42、 was northern Xinjiang. Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard. 形容词: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report. Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered. 副词: Below is a restaurant. Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland. 在介词后只

43、能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些: The tool with which he is working is called a wrench. The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench. This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. This is the question (that) weve had so much discussion about. 定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的

44、, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which: They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping. She was very patient toward

45、s the children, which her husband seldom was. whose: 在表示“的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是 名词词组 + of which: Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast? We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (the purpose of which was) Hes written a book th

46、e name of which Ive completely forgotten. (whose name Ive) of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前. The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. Its a family of eight children, all of whom are studying

47、 music. 关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能. The day when he was born on which he was born which he was born on The office where he works at which he works which he works at 有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略. Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous

48、. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? This is the place (where) we met yesterday. That is the reason (why) he did it. 在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略. This is the way (that/in which) he did it. Thats the way I look at

49、it. 如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉: I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people. This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing. 定语从句的简化: 定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构, -ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系. He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger). The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left. The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was tak