高中英语 Unit2 Language语法讲解 牛津译林版必修3

1、由疑问词引导的名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中能担任主语，表语，宾语，同位语，介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中的句法功能，名词性从句又可以分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。本单元主要介绍由疑问词引导的名词性从句。疑问词有两类，即疑问代词(what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose) 和疑问副词(when, where, how, why)。疑问代词通常在从句中作主语，表语和宾语。疑问副词则通常在从句中作状语（时间状语，地点状语，方式状

2、语或原因状语）。请看如下例句，并试着分析作引导词的疑问词在从句中所担任的成分。(1) What he said at the meeting confused everyone present. 他在会议上所说的让在场的人感到困惑。(作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句中作宾语)(2) The little boy ate whatever his mother gave him.不管他妈妈给他什么，这个小男孩都吃。(作引导词的疑问代词在宾语从句中作宾语)(3) Please give some suggestion which book I should choose among these. 我应

3、该选择其中的哪本书，请给我一些建议。(作引导词的疑问代词在同位语从句中作定语)(4) The problem is who/ whom I should turn to for help. 问题是我应该向谁求救。(作引导词的疑问代词在表语从句中作宾语)(5) Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 无论谁最后一个离开房间都应该关灯。(作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句中作主语)(6) When we will go skating is up to you to make a decision.我们什么时候去溜冰由你做决定

4、。(作引导词的疑问副词在主语从句中作时间状语)(7) I insisted upon an answer to my question why he had done it.我坚持要知道他为什么这么做的答案。(作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句中作原因状语)(8) There is a doubt how they managed to travel to the moon.有一个疑问就是他们如何成功去月球的。(作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句中作方式状语)运用名词性从句时的注意点：1) 关于that的省略一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。介词后

5、面的that不能省。Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，第二个及以后的宾语从句中的that不省略。My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。 He said that, if he

6、 could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。2) 名词性从句的词序名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。如：He asked me what was the matter with me. 他问我怎么了。Weve heard the news that well move into the new hous

7、e. 我们已经听说了我们将搬去新房子的消息。Whatever you say will interest us all. 无论你说什么我们都会感兴趣。3) whether和if的用法whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。如：It all depends on whether they will come back. 一切都取决于他们是否会来。后面直接跟or not 时用whether。如：I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否已经到达武汉了。主语从句，表语从句中只能

8、用whether。如：Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.会议是否会被推迟还没有被决定。The question is whether they have so much money.问题在于他们是否有很多钱。whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if不能。如：We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.我们应当认真讨论是否能做此事这个问题。whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这

9、样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。如：The question of whether they are male or female is not important.他们是男性还是女性不重要。I have not decided whether to go or not. 我还没有决定是否要去。4) 疑问代词 + ever和no matter + 疑问代词的区别。疑问代词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在从句中要充当一定的部分。如：Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (在主语从句中作主语)任何违反规定的人必须受罚。You ca

10、n choose whatever you like in the shop. (在宾语从句中作宾语)你可以在商店中选择你喜欢的任何东西。疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。Whatever you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。No matte

11、r who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。5) 名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：Hello, I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here?喂，我不知道你在伦敦。你在这里多久了？The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.老师告诉我们光以非常快的速度传播。主语从句

12、作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.会议何时开始还没有决定。When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.他们何时出发以及去何处还没有决定。When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.会议何时何地开始

13、还没有决定。6)含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句反意疑问句一般与主句一致。He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she? 她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。I suppose youre serious, arent

14、 you? 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用dont I)I dont suppose hes serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用do I)提示：如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。You dont think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是吗？7) because, why引导的表语从句 Thats because he didnt under

15、stand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（Thats because 强调原因）Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why 强调结果）注意: what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因

16、是他太粗心了。2. 形式主语it1) 代主语从句。如：It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小车。Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？注意：if引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如：It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。2) 代不定式短语作主语。如：It was his duty to

17、 attend to the matter. 处理这件事是他的责任。It is impossible to finish the work on time. 准时完成工作是不可能的。3) 代动名词。如：Its no good sitting up too late. 熬夜没有好处。Its no use saying anything more about it. 再说这件事没用。It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。4) 用作形式主语的的重要句型 It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事It i

18、s hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是：of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对来说” It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了时间It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：It took me an hour to wri

19、te the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。 It is up to sb. to do sth. 该由某人做某事Its up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。 it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that as if 似乎It seemed as if he didnt recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。It happened that

20、 I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。 If it were not for / If it hadnt been for 若不是因为If it were not for their help, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。 It + be + 过去分词 + that 该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.It is said that t

21、hey have invented a new type of computer. 据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。 若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。Does it matter much t

22、hat they wont come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很重要吗？Is it true that he will go abroad next week? 他下周出国是真的吗？练习一、 单项选择。1. _ he does has nothing to do with me. A. Whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about

23、 C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ; had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave5. The question

24、came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 6. We all know the truth _ there are air, water and sunlight there are living things.A. where B. wherever C. that D. that wherever 7. _ is troubling me is _ I dont understand _ he saidA. What; that; what

25、B. What; what; whatC. That; that; what D. Why; that; which8. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped9. _has passed the test will get a prize. A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who 10. Is_ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next wee

26、k? A that B it C his D he11. It has not been decided _ they will leave for New York. A. when B why C that D what12. The reason I plan to go is_ she will be disappointed if I dont. A. because B. that C. thanks to D. what13. What time do you think_? A. will Tom come back B. Tom will come back C. is To

27、m coming back D. can Tom get here14. The teacher said that light_ faster than sound. A. Has traveled B. traveled C. had traveled D. travels15. If you know_ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand. A. whom B. which C. who D. that16. Thinking_ you know_ in fact you dont is a terrible m

28、istake. A. that; that B. what; what C. that; what D. what that17._ David says sounds right to Helen. Thats why she has made up her mind to leave with him_ happens. A. Whatever; whatever B. No matter what; whatever C. No matter what; no matter what D. Whatever; however18. After_ seemed like hours he

29、came out with a bitter smile. A. which B. it C. what D. that19. This is _ the question lies.A. what B. that C. where D. how20. _ I was there that evening.A. It happened to B. It happened thatC. That happened D. It is happened that二、关联词填空。1. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no lon

30、ger _ it was 20 years ago, _it was poorly equipped.2. The shopkeeper did not want to sell the products for _ he thought was not enough.3. We really want to know _ use can be made of this material.4. After the discussion, there was still some doubt _fingerprints had been left on the safe. 5. _makes m

31、istakes must correct them. 6. He asked us _ we were getting along with our work.7. This is _you spent your summer holiday, isnt it?8. Sometimes we are asked _ we think the likely result of an action will be. 9. _ they won the game was _ we had expected. 10. The poor young man is ready to accept _ he

32、lp he can get.三、句子翻译。1. Whatever he does has nothing to do with me.2. You dont think we can speak French, do you?3. There is no possibility that Bob can win the first prize in the match.4. Whether the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter.5. Eat whichever cake you like and leave t

33、he others for whoever comes late.6. 我只知道他住在巴黎，除此之外，我一无所知。7. 等一早上没啥好处。8. 他住哪里关系不大。(it作形式主语)9. 我难过的原因是他误解我。10. 任何已经通过这次考试的人将会得到一个奖励。四、句子改错。1. You can give this ticket to whomever wants to have it. 2. I dont know if to stay here or not.3. This school is no longer that it was 30 years ago.4. You are saying that