高考英语语法精要讲解

1、高考英语语法精要讲解名词 1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题名词的数：单数、复数和不可数;名词的格：通格和属格 (s )名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或其它限定词， 例如： some, many , this, my 等2、名词的数和单位词1)复型名词 + 复数动词The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.备用词： shoes, stockings, glasses, socksNOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.2)复型名词 + 单

2、数动词A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.备用词：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United StatesB. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.备用词： five pounds, two feet, six weeks3) 集合名词 + 复数名词The police have surrounded the building.Cattle are selling for record price (创记录).备用词： the enemy, (the

3、) peopleNOTICE: 表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.4)不可数名词作可数的情况A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况a (an) + adj. + n.It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲)a heavy ra

4、in He has a good knowledge of politics.备用词： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, educationB.口语特例(特定场合)A (One) beer, please.Two teas and four coffees, please.5)既是可数又是不可数的名词I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)备用词： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(

5、鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)6) 单位词A.个数a piece of information (furniture, advice)B. 以形状表示个数a grain of rice, a flight of stairsC. 容量a box of matches, a cup of teaD. 计量a metre of cloth, a ton of coalE.其它a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)3、名词的格：1) s 的用法A . 与时间有关的名词a nights sleep ten minutes walkNOTICE:

6、a two-hour walk = two hourswalkB. 和else 连用book can this be?A. Who elsesB. Whose elseC. Whos elseD. Whose elses(A)C. s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略This is Jacks book, not Toms.This book is Jacks not Toms.D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， s 后面的名词省略at the Greens (house), at the doctors (office)2) OF 结构表示所有关系A. 无生命的名词用ofthe price of

7、the successB. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用ofCant you look at the book of the boy behind you?3)双重所有格s 与of结构并用，此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等Miss Smith is a friend of Marys mothers.that brother of the girl4)名词 + 名词 (名词用作形容词)A. 单数名词+名词a shoe (flower) shop ticket officeNOTICE: the tailors (shop)B.

8、 复数名词+名词sports meet clothes shop women pilots数词 1、数词在使用时应注意的问题易错数词：年月日及介词计算用词和数字相关的词2、综合1) 数字表达：123,856,709one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine2) 年月日in the morning; on the morning of September 1;in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on t

9、he first of September)3、计算+Six and five is (are) eleven.Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.-Four from seven is (leaves) three.Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.X 16 x 11 = 176Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six. 9 3 = 3Nine divided by thr

10、ee equals three.4、dozen, scoreA. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggsB. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.More than 40 percent of the

11、students wear glasses.70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.6、“一个半.”的表达法.one pound and a half ,one and a half years冠词1、冠词应注意的问题习惯用法同一名词前不同名词的比较2、不定冠词1) 成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)a knife and fork2) a most + n. “非常“This is a most beautiful country.3) a (an) 与 one 之区别A. 数字对比用oneIt was on

12、e coffee we ordered, not two.B. 对比A knife is no good. (刀子不行)One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行)C. 通用a (one) million, a (one) quarter4) a (an) 与every 之比较:three times a year;twice every three years5) 惯用法A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !quite a nice day rather a good ideasuch a funny expressionB. t

13、oo cold a day How lovely a dress!so strange a person as good a map as3、定冠词1)普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean)3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)A. 指一类人，谓语用复数The old are being taken good care of.B. 指一类事，谓语用单数The beautiful is not always the same as the good.4)用在r

14、adio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体部位前 He hates the telephone.5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,dressed in blue ) is a student.4、零冠词1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等National DayNanjing Road2)职位充当补语、同位语时He was elected headmaster of the sch

15、ool.3)成对出现的成语arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face,side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end5、冠词比较1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途)go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身)2) Ill go there next F

16、riday. (以说话时间为准)In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准)3) by air (plane, boat)in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)5) be at tablebe at the table6) a cup of coffeeTwo coffees, please. I like whit

17、e coffee.This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Toms.7) Mr. White is waiting to see you.A Mr. White is waiting to see you.The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.9) the best season o

18、f the year the best time of year.人称代词1、多个人称代词的排列顺序you and Ihe and Iyou and heyou, he and Iyou, they and we(情况多)2、It 的用法 代替this, thatThats a book, isnt it ? 做某动作的人或婴儿-Someone is coming. Who can it be ?-It may be Jack.Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?表示时间、距离、自然现象Its 20 miles to (from) Paris.3、

19、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so:think, hope, believe, Im afraid, It seems (appears), etc.-Is it true that he had a heart attack?-Im afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.否定答语中用not:-Has Anne got into university?-Im afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not.协力动词中也可以用notso:believe, think, supp

20、ose, expect, etcI dont believe so. / I dont think so.do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时，do后常用so / it:-Please lay the table.-Ive just done so (it).指示代词that, one, it的区别one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名词 ，表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的同一事物。There is an old engineer and a young one here.His attitude to m

21、e is that of a friend.Ive lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?) the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / onesIll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句The boy in your class is taller than the one in our class.The skirt (that) she ma

22、de herself is more beautiful to wear thanthe one (that) she bought last year. one 不能代替前面提到的不可数名词Dont use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)those , ones These machines are better than those we made last year. -Id like a pound of apples.-Which ones?-The red (ones). -Why dont we take a

23、 little break ?-Didnt we just have ? (NMET2000)A. itB. thatC. oneD. this(C)物主代词 1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语，不能作定语This is my cup. Yours is the one thats green.These things are mine. Those are theirs.2、名词性物主代词与 of 结构连用That brother of yours looks healthy.He is an old friend of mine.3、下列结构用 the 代替物主代词He pulled

24、Jack by the hair (arm).He was wounded in the leg.He was blind in the right eye.反身代词、1、加强语气(可前可后)The headmaster spoke to me himself. The headmaster himself spoke to me.Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it . (NMET 1996)A. themselvesB. oneselfC. itselfD. himself(A)2、own： 反

25、身代词无所有格形式，用 own 表达Id love to have my own room / a room of my own.不定代词1、every eachevery指时间: every other day,every three days = every third dayeach放在复数主谓语之间:We each have a book.each放在句尾:She gave her children an apple each.2、some- any- every- no-作单数看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor?不与 of 连用:不说som

26、eone of; no one of. etc可说 some one of; none of, etc.+ adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on ?+ else: This isnt mine. Its someone elses.3、some any表示请求、建议的问句用someWould you like some (more) coffee ?some + n.(singl.)You will realize it some day.any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)Any child can answer t

27、hat.Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do.any (some) of +限定词+n.some of the oil , any of my water4、both all常用于助动词或情感动词后，但在简答中放在前面 The girls are both ready. - Are you ready ? - Yes, we both (all) are.放在作宾语的宾格代词后面He gave some to us all (both).all单独用，指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数All is lost. All are here.5、eith

28、er neither eitheror; neithernor 作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则Neither he nor I am going to London.作定语，修饰单数名词Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.6、another (the) other (the) othersanother另外的，另一个的Please show me another (one).Do you need another cup ?another +基数词(few) +n.I need another three days. (three more days)(t

29、he) other (+ n.) (the) otherthe other six (persons) / the others / the other day7、(a) few (a) little few 的搭配We had a good few letter this morning(很多).Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少) -How many do you want ?-Just a few, please. (不多)quite a few (相当多)only a few (只有几个，几乎没有) little 的

30、搭配Theres only a little soup left. -How much do you want ?-Just a little, please.8、much many(much /far) too much far too manyYour son got much (far) too much pocket money.There are far too many accidents at this crossing.much修饰形容词和副词的比较级或最高级比较级+不可数名词Theres much / far less water in the river than usua

31、l.many修饰“比较级 + 可数 名词复数”There are many / far more people than I expected.9、全部否定与部分否定全部否定用词neither nothing no one nobody nonenot与all, both, every, every- 连用时表示部分否定Not all his work is successful.形容词1、多个形容词得排列顺序限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+ 基数词 + 描述性形容词 + 大小新旧 + 颜色 + 产地 + 物质(材料、用途)+ 名词a beautiful new red dressa

32、 little brown box2、系动词 + adj. ( 除 be 外的其它连系动词)The cake looks good but it tastes awful.3、subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)The man is easy to get along with.The bed is too small for him to lie on.4、It is (was) + adj. + of (for) sb. to do sth.下列形容词后用 of: good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish

33、, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.其它形容词后用for5、the more of the twoHe is the stronger of the two brothers.6、倍数three times as big asThis room is twice bigger than that one.three times the size of7、比较级和最高级的被修饰比较级可以被下列词修饰：much, far, any, even, still, rather, a little, a lot, a bit, no, by farIts no use asking

34、me. I dont know any more than you.最高级可以被下列词修饰：much, the very, by farThis cake ought to be good, because I used the very best butter副词1、程度副词 (quite, rather, fairly) quite: 不修饰比较级，但: He is quite better.表示程度，和可显示程度的词连用，如：old, interesting, polite, tired, etc.类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地)，和下列词连用，如：pe

35、rfect, impossible, different, etc.此时，可修饰adj., adv., v.,等.The job is quite impossible.Thats not quite what I want.rather: 可与比较级及too 连用rather older, rather too many peoplerather than表示选择，“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”Id prefer to go in August rather than in July.I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.or rather

36、 表示“更确切地说“Ill meet him, or rather, Ill ask him to meet me.fairly：不可与比较级连用，与积极意义的词连用强弱程度的顺序：very rather quite fairly notThis film is very good. (rather good 胜过多数影片;quite good 值得一看; fairly good 勉强还可以看看)2、频度副词(often, usually, always, ever, never, seldom, hardly 等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后He is always making a jo

37、ke.never, hardly, seldom等放在句首时，用倒装Never have I seen anything so wonderful as that.简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前-He is late again. -Yes, he always is.3、too much much tootoo much + 不可数名词，意思“太多”I drank (far much, a lot , a little, rather) too much beer last night.作 adv.You work too much.作 pro.Too much was happenin

38、g all at once.much too + adj. “实在太”You are much too kind to me.4、形近词 deep / deeply deep into the night (the woods, the future)be deeply moved (hurt, sorry) deeply regret late / lately / later / latest arrive (come) lateWhat have you been doing lately ? near / nearly go (come, live) near nearly finis

39、hed (midnight) loud / loudly / aloud -adj. -adv.an early train a fast driver hard work a deep holearrive early drive fast work hard drink deep.介词1. be + adj. + prep.be good at, be afraid of, be anxious about (of), be kind to, be fit for, etc.2. be + v.-ed + prep.be satisfied with, be worried about,

40、be surprised at, be pleased at (by)3. v. + prep.agree with (to / on), apologize for, arrive at (in), believe in, depend on4. v. + n. + prep.pay attention to, take part in, make use of, have a word with5. v. + adv. + prep.go on with, go in for, go ahead with, keep up with, make up for6. prep. + n. +

41、prep.in charge of, in time of, in place of, on top of, at the end (edge) of7. out of + n.out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of sight, out of work (order)8. n. + after + n.hour after hour, year after year, battle after battle, defeat after defeat9. n. + by + n.step by step, side by side,

42、 one by one10. n. + to + n.face to face, heart to heart11. n. + in + n.hand in hand, arm in arm12. from + n. + to + n.from side to side, from place to place, from door to door13. a + n. + ofa bit of, a great deal of, a few of, a drop of, a line of14. with + n.with a long history, with satisfaction (

43、care), with pleasure, with ones help15. on + n.on a trip (journey), on a visit (to), on fire, on business, on sale, on watchon the team, on show, on duty, on foot16. without + n.without help, without mercy, without delay17. in + n.in silence, in danger (trouble, surprise, fear), in high spirits, in

44、love (return)18.as + n.as a matter of fact, as a rule, as a whole19. by + n.by now (then), by hand, by mistake, by this means, by chance, by the year20. at + n.at sea, at sunset, at Christmas, at the doctors, at the station, at a time21. for + n.for a moment, for a time, for ever, for example22. to

45、+ n. ( + to )to ones delight (joy, surprise), to the east (west), to the right, due to,thanks to, according to, to this day.基本句型英语的五种基本句型结构：主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)主语 + 连系动词 (SVC)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOD)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)1. S + VHe works. He is studying. 主语+谓语(vi.) + 状语(从句)

46、The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere 主语+谓语(vi.) + 名词短语We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years.2. S + V + CHe is a student / in yellow / there 主语 + be + 表语表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等 主语 + 其它连系动词 + 表语这些连系动词包括：appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于状态), look, prov

47、e, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turnBob lay sick.His dream comes true.3. S + V + OAn idea struck me. 主语+谓语(v. + prep)+宾语It depends on the weather. 备用词：act as, agree on / with / to,arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to,prefer

48、 to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about 主语+谓语(v. + adv.)+宾语I thought over the plan. I thought it over.备用词：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give inNOTICE: v + adv. + prep.get along with, add up to, do away with,break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, g

49、o through with v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of,take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in 主语+谓语+宾语+介词+宾语The teacher punished him for being late.Congratulate him on his success.Compare this with that.4. S + V + O + D (间接宾语由代词和名词充当) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语Will you lend me your pen, please ?She bought him many toys. 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 代词或名词Will you lend your pen to me, please ?She bought many toys for him.备用词：pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer, explain, sing, leave5. S + V + O +