语言学精品课ppt-04.ppt

1、Topic 4,Morphology,Definition of morphology,Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.,1. Morphemes,1.1. The definition Morphemes are the smallest meaningful elements of language. They can not be further cut. It is true th

2、at the word friendship consists of 10 letters, but these letters in isolation are meaningless. The possible smallest meaningful segments of the word are friend and ship.,1.2 Types of morphemes,Free Morphemes can occur independently as words. Free morphemes can be further divided into lexical morphem

3、es, which have specific meanings themselves, such as man, desk, tough, and grammatical morphemes, which do not have any concrete meaning by themselves but indicate relationship between lexical morphemes, such as she, but, off.,Bound morphemes,Bound morphemes are those elements of words that cannot s

4、tand independently. They have to be bound or connected to free morphemes（Master, 1996:4）There are two categories for bound morphemes: derivational affixes and inflectional affixes.,English Morphemes Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes Roots Roots1 Derivational Inflectional Lexical Grammatical ( Content F

5、unctional) Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes,Prefixes,dis- dislike, discontinuous un- uneasy, unconscious, unfavorable in- incorrect, inconvenient mis- misinform, mistake, misplace over- overdo, overhear, overpopulate be- belittle, en en- enlarge, em- embody,Syntactic functions of derivational endings,Chan

6、ges meaning or part of speech of the stem. Indicates semantic relations within the word. Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes. Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.,Inflectional affixes,Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectio

7、nal, thus known as inflectional morphemes.,Inflectional suffixes,-(e)s -s -(e)s -ing -(e)d -(e)d -er -est,Syntactic functions of inflectional endings,Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem. Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence. Occurs with al

8、l members of some large class of morphemes.,Free Roots,Equal to free morphemes in certain sense,Read the following paragraph and then label all the morphemes in the chart after the paragraph. Some examples are given for you. One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the coppe

9、r-smiths market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers,Morpheme identifying

10、,counterantidisestablishmentarism deactivation,1.3. Some syntactic features of morphemes ( True or False),1. Although the vast majority of prefixes do not change the original word class, there are prefixes that are class-changing: a-, be- em-/en-. 2. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes.

11、3. The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented, that is, it adds new meaning to a base.,4. Morphemes vary in size. Neither syllables nor length are any guide to their identification. The essential criterion is that a morpheme cannot be cut up into smaller syntactic segments. 5. Inflec

12、tional endings can be added to derivational ones, but not vice-versa.,6. A morpheme cannot be made up of one phoneme. 7. The syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure must correspond. 8. Derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged.,9. The follo

13、wing words contain some derivational morphemes which change the part of speech class of the words: expresident, profiteer, booklet, undo, disobey, tallish, illogical. 10. A language may have more phonemes than morphemes.,2. Morphological rules. Rules for governing the formation of new words.3. Morph

14、ological analysis of language data.,Morphological rules,Noun+-ly adjective friendly, daily, lovely Adjective+-ly adverb quickly Adjective+ -ize verb,4. Compounding,4.1. Types of compounds 4.2. Features of compounds. 4.2.1. Orthographically, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyp

15、hen in between, ore as two separate words. E.g. armchair, follow-up, thunder bird,4.2.2. Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech of the second element. icy-cold, headstrong, greenhouse.,Types of compounds Noun-noun handbook, sunshine Adjective-

16、noun highway, deadline Verb-noun driveway, breakwater Adverb-noun downtown, overburden Noun-verb toothpick, snowfall, facelift Verb-adverb follow-up, kick-off Adj-n-ed blue-eyed Numeral-n ten-meter a three-minute talk,4.2.4. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first syllable,

17、while the second syllable receives secondary stress. And in a noun phrase the second word is stressed.,Allomorph,Phoneme /p/ p Morpheme -s plural marker of nouns Allomorphs: s z is,would wud wd d In- im- ir- il- -er agent -or,Root, stem, base,Root-A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be f

18、urther analyzed without total loss of identity. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. Bound root and free root,Stem,A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes