考研英语冲刺试卷

1、.考研英语冲刺试卷考试时间： 180 分钟满分： 100 分section iuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on theanswer sheet. (10 points)you probably have a long mental list of moments and facts you wish you could remember-but actually youcannot.

2、the good news,1 , is that while such memories may be currently2 , they are not entirely gone,and could theoretically be3 ,according to a new brain research.in the study, biologist jeffrey johnson416 college participants through an fmri machine (which5nervous activity via blood flow) to compare brain

3、 patterns6 memory formation and recall. first, he showedthe students various common words and had them7 a few tasks: say the word backwards in your head,8its uses, and picture how an artist would9it. then,20 minutes later, after the students re-entered thefmri machine, johuson showed them the list o

4、f words and asked them to recall10they could from before.finally, he compared brain activity from both11and what he found will surprise you.using12is called“ pattern analysis” , it13s possibleauniqueto pattern of brain activityto everyindividual thing we do. this means that when a participant saysth

5、e word“ applebackwords”the14pattern ofbrain activityisdifferent than when he pictures the fruit.15interestingly,there is close similaritybetween the pattern that emerges when we16an activity and when we later recallit. the stronger ourmemory, the17 the pattern, but as johnson found, even at a moment

6、 18we cannot remember anything, ournerve cells still fire in a way that19 the activity of when we formed the memory. this20that sometimein the future we may be able t o retrieve the memories we thought we d lost forever.1.aalthoughbrathercthoughdtherefore2.aforgetfulbabsentcfaultlessdunavailable3.ar

7、etrievedbrecognizedcclaimeddaccumulated4.aletbputcrandgot5.ameasuresbcalculatescassessesdevaluates6.abetweenbduringcacrossdthroughout7.aassignbdisplaycperformdovertake8.abring forwardbthink ofccheck outdcatch on9.apredictbmanifestcdepictdspecify10.ahoweverbwhenevercwhateverdwhichever11.aproceduresbs

8、essionscprogressesdsections12.awhichbthatcasdwhat13.aattachbsubjectcsubmitdstick14.acontroversialbrelevantcparticulardassociated;.15.aeven bbutcsodas16.aset about bsit forcengage indgo through17.astrongerbclosercfurtherdweaker18.awhenbthatcwhichdas19.ahampersbdistinguishescduplicatesdresembles20.ahi

9、ghlightsbimpliescentailsdexclaimssection iireading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark youranswers on the answer sheet. (40 points)text 1communication has changed dramatically over the past half-century. the

10、 term“ global village” was firstused in the early1960 tos describe the ways inwhich theelectronic age was reshaping the rapidityandpervasiveness with which information is disseminated across the world. now, with the enormous growth of theinternet and otherforms of digital communication,that idea is

11、all the moreapplicable. new technologyhaschanged the ways we receive information and the ways we collect and store it.if you look to past centuries, people have had to rely onword-of-mouthas a way of finding out newsbeyond their own towns. history itself was passed along through specialized individu

12、als who memorized namesand events from the previous centuries. the most well known form of history is myth, which comes from thegreek word for“ a spoken or written story.” many of these stories have beenential veryand influcontinue to beread and studied in our own times: the famous examples are the

13、works of the greek poet homer.many techniques are used to preserve a story, event, history, or mythfromgeneration to generation.symbols are used as devices to trigger a common connection in the listeners. repetition of names and familiesthroughout a single story are used as a way to keep important i

14、nformation fresh in the mind. the reliance on acommon tradition or reference within a particular culture allows the storyteller to get more meaning across withthe fewest wordssaid. these are all memory aids that serve to allow both the teller and the listener to fullyrealize a story that may have it

15、s origins hundreds of years inthe past. for instance, native peoples in northamerica s northwest territory have passed down detailed methods for hunting and storing of reindeer and whale that include geographic information that still hold relevance today.the need for an oral tradition has diminished

16、 in practical value with the advent of the written text and the rapid growth of computers as a means of disseminating information. there are many harmful side effects to the loss of this practice. younger generations can become alienated from their cultural identity and knowledge about customs, trad

17、ition, mores, the natural world and history will disappear. this is especially true in aboriginal cultures such as in native american, native australian and south american peoples, where assimilation into the dominant culture can come at the cost of historical customs.since the prevalence of the wri

18、tten word, and later inventions that have made passing along the printed word easier, the demands on our memory as a means of cataloging facts and historical data has been considerably reduced. however, the techniques used for hundreds of years by those whose job it was to keep these histories alive

19、 have a deeply ingrained influence on us today. keeping that knowledge and those traditions alive is very important. spend a moment recalling a memory of an oral tradition in your family history that has impacted your;.education. how has this oral tradition affected you?21. the term “global village

20、”implies that_.a the electronic technology is developing rapidlyb the 1960s witnessed the birth of electronic rapidlyc modern it has eliminated geographical barriersddigital technique has found diverse application22. centuries ago, information distribution was_.a carried out by mouth-to-mouth messag

21、esb conducted more by speaking than by writingc confined in small and enclosed districtsddependent on specialized individuals23. the text indicates that myth_.a is the true record of ancient historyb is handed down by means of various symbolsc saves key information for later generationsdcharacterize

22、s a nation s common tradition24. the author asserts that modern communication means can_.a result in the alienation of younger generation bdeprive the youth of their national identityc lead to the extinction of myth and customs dcause destruction of myth and customs25. the best title for the text ma

23、y be_. a the drastic change in communicationb the impact of computer on our life c the primary value of oral traditiond the function of myth and historytext 2technology is a two-edged sword. rarely is this as clear as it is in the realm of health care. technologyallows doctors to test their patients

24、 for genetic defects-and then to turn around and spread the results throughout the world via the internet. for someone in need of treatment, that s good news. but for someone in search of a job or an insurance policy, the tidings can be all bad.last week president bill clinton proposed a corollary t

25、o the pat ients bill of rights now before congress: a right to medical privacy. beginning in 2002, under rules set to become law in february, patients would be able tostipulate the conditions under which their personal medical data could be revealed. they would be able to examine their records and m

26、ake corrections. they could learn who else had seen the information. improper useof records by a caregiver or insurer could result in both civil and criminal penalties. the plan was, said clinton,“ an unprecedented steptoward putting americans back in control of their own medical records.”while the

27、administration billed the rules as an attempt to strike a balance between the needs of consumersand those of the health-care industry, neither doctors nor insurance companies were happy. the doctors said therules could actually erode privacy, pointingto a provisionallowingmanaged-care plans to use p

28、ersonalinformation without consent if the purpose was-care operations“health.” that, physicians said, was a loopholethrough which hmos and other insurers could pry into the doctor-patient relationship, in the name of assessingthe quality of care. meanwhile, the insurers protested that the rules woul

29、d make them vulnerable to lawsuits.they were especially disturbed by a provision holding them liable for privacy breaches by“ business partnerssuch as lawyers and accountants. both groups agreed that privacy protections would drive up the cost of healthcare by at least an additional $3.8 billion, an

30、d maybe much more, over the next five years. they also complained about the increased level of federal scrutiny required by the new rules enforcement provisions.one aim of the rules is to reassure patients about confidentiality, thereby encouraging them to be open with;.their doctors. today various

31、cancers and sexually transmitted diseases can go untreated because patients areafraid of embarrassment or of losing insurance coverage. the fear is real: clinton aides noted that a january pollby princeton survey research associates found that one in six u.s. adults had atsome time done somethingunu

32、sual to conceal medical information, such as paying cash for services.26. the author begins his article with“ technology-ededisswordatwo” to _.a warn of the harm patients are prone to sufferb call on people s attention to the potential danger technology can bring to usc show that doctor s improper u

33、se of technology can end up in bad resultsd show the advantages and disadvantages of technology27. according to the proposal made by president clinton, patients will be able to do the following except_.a enjoy more rights to their medical recordsb be open with their doctorsc decide how to use their

34、medical informationd sue their insurers for improper use of their medical records28. doctors tend to think that the rules _.a may ruin doctor-patient relationshipb can do more harm than goodc will prevent doctors from doing medical researchd will end up in more health care cost and poorer medical se

35、rvice29. the example of the january poll by princeton survey research associates is used to show that_.a american patients concealment of their medical information has become a big concernb a large portion of patients would rather leave their diseases untreatedc concealing medical information is wid

36、espread in the u.s.d paying cash for medical service is a common practice among american patients30. from the article we can learn that _.a american government will tighten its control over the use of patients personal information. b doctoinsurers are both against the rules for the same reasonsc pat

37、ients are entitled to have complete control of their medical informationd the new rules put insurers in a very disadvantageous positiontext 3a new malady is running rampantly in corporate america: management phobia. many people don t wbe a manager, and many people who are managers are desired to jum

38、p off the management track or havealready.“ i hated all the meetings,-year” awardsaysa- 10winning manager,“ and i found the more you did forpeople who worked for you, the more they expected. i was a counselor, motivator,financialadviser andpsychologist.”with technology changing in a wink, you can ne

39、ver slack off 4 these days if you re on the technica rare person who can manage to keep up on the technical side and handle a management job, too. in addition, with scott adams s popular cartoonharacter as well as many television situation comedies routinely portrayingmanagers as idiots or enemies,

40、they just don t get much respect anymore.supervising others was always a tough task, but in the past that stress was offset by hopes for career mobility and financial rewards. along with a sizable pay raise, people chosen as managers would begin a nearlyautomaticclimbup the career ladder to lucrativ

41、eexecutiveperks:stock options,companycars, clubmemberships, plus the key to the executive washroom. but in today s global, more competitive arena, a managersits on an insecure perch. restructuring have eliminated layer after layer of management as companies came to view their organizations as collec

42、tions of competencies rather than hierarchies. there are far fewer rungs on the corporate ladder for managers to climb. in addition, managerial jobs demand more hours and headaches than ever before but offer slim, if any, financial paybacks and perks.;.in an age of entrepreneurship, when the most pr

43、aised people in business are those launching something new, management seems like an invisible, thankless role. employers are looking for people who can do things, not for people who make other people do things. management layoffs have done much to erode interest in managerial jobs.with more people

44、wary of joining management, are corporations being hurt or worrying about developingfuture leaders? not many are. while employers have dismissed a lot of managers, they believe a surplus lingerson at many companies. another reason companies aren t short of managers, contends robert kelley, a carnegi

45、emellon university business professor,“ is that so many workers -todaymanaged,areselfither individually or viateams, you don t need a manager.”31. the 10-year award-winning manager suggests that_.a managerial jobs demand more hours and offer more headachesb managers should not do too much beyond the

46、 scope of his jobc being a manager requires many other skills besides managementd a person can get a lot of development in a management role.32. the word“ perk ” (line3, paragraph 3) probably means_.a privilegesb statusc mobilityd rungs33. which one of the following statements applies to todayrs? s

47、managea their stress can be reduced by the financial and emotional rewards.b they are beginning to neglect their development on the technical side.c they feel more insecure in their positions because of the reduction in company hierarchies.d they are not respected any more by the media despite their

48、 hard efforts.34. which skill do employers value most in this age of entrepreneurship?a managementb creativityc cooperationd diligence35. we can learn from the last paragraph that_.a the loss of interest in the managerial jobs would damage america corporate cultureb more and more managers would be l

49、aid off in order to relieve the financial burdenc those who are still lingering on managerial jobs are not foresighted.d many employees are to some extent a managers of themselvestext 4thanks to slumping markets, investment banks are shedding many of their highly-paidtraders. whenmarkets recover, th

50、e banks might be tempted to replace them with rather cheaper talent. one alternative has beenaround for a while but hasyet to catch on: autonomous trading agents-computersprogrammed to actlike thehuman version without such pesky costs as holidays, lunch breaks or bonuses. program trading has, of cou

51、rse,beendonebefore;some blamedthe1987stockmarketcrashoncomputersinstructedwithsimpledecision-making rules. but robots can be smarter than that.dave cliff,a researcher at hewlett-packard laboratories in bristol, england, has been creating tradingrobots for seven years. in computer s imulations he let

52、s them evolve“ genetically,andsoallows”them to adaptand fit models of real-world financial markets. his experiments have suggested that a redesign of some markets could lead to greater efficiency. last year, a research group at ibm showed that mr. cliff s artificial traders could consistently beat t

53、he human variety, in various kinds of market. nearly all take the shape of an auction. onewell-known type is the english auction, familiar to patrons of the salesrooms of christies and sothebys, wheresellers keep mum on their offer price, and buyers increase their bids by stages until only one remai

54、ns.at the other extreme is the dutch auction, familiar to 17th-century tulip-traders in the netherlands as well asto bidders for american treasury bonds. here, buyers remain silent, and a seller reduces his price until it is;.accepted. most markets for shares, commodities, foreign exchange and derivatives are a hybrid of these twotypes: buyers and sellers can announce