11[1]隐喻的翻译.ppt

1、第十一章 隐喻的翻译 Translation of Understatements,退出,第十一章 隐喻的翻译 11.1 派生意义 11.2 形象意义 11.3 联想意义 11.4 寓意意义 第十一章综合练习及参考答案,第十一章重点,课堂互动4,课堂互动3,课堂互动2,课堂互动1,-end,退出,3,隐喻是一种比喻的说法，是不把要说的意思明着说出来，而是借用别的话来表示的一种语言表达形式，是人类一种基本的思维、认知和概念化方式，是一个民族语言文化的体现，是语言中与文化联系最紧密的部分，最能反映一个民族思维的相似与差异的一种语言现象。,第十一章 隐喻的翻译 Translation of Unde

2、rstatements,4,隐喻是非同类事物之间的比较，是对词语的修饰或者美化，具有丰富语言表达、增强修辞效果、褒扬亲近和贬责攻击等功能，因而被广泛地运用于人们的日常生活、语言交际和文学作品中。人类的概念系统就是建立在隐喻之上的。其本质是以人的基本经验为基础，以另一件事物和经验来理解和经历一件事物或经验。理解和使用隐喻是成熟语言能力的主要特征和睿智的标志。隐喻借属于别的字用作此物，具有扩大语言表达感情的作用，意味幽长，蕴意深远。,5,隐喻翻译给译者以多种选择方式：要么传递其意义，要么重塑其形象，要么对其意义进行修改，要么对其意义和形象进行完美的结合，而这一切又与语境因素、文化因素、文本因素密不

3、可分。这便是隐喻翻译复杂多变的特性和翻译规律。,6,为使译文达到与原文一致、相似或等值的语用效果，隐喻翻译一定要注意隐喻中所包含着的感情色彩，褒贬意义，肯定与否定的态度等，同时还要弄清隐喻使用的特定语域，语言外关系，即与具体环境/情景关系和与现实的社会文化背景的关系等，这些都是要在隐喻翻译中加以解决的。 隐喻翻译，有时可采用直译、意译相结合的方法以弥补直译难达意，意译难传神的不足。直译后再加上隐喻的真实含义，“以期收到画龙点睛的效果”。 隐喻翻译是翻译教学中的一个重要组成部分，翻译时可以从派生意义、形象意义、联想意义、内涵寓意几个方面来处理这种语言现象。,7,派生指从一个主要事物的发展中分化出

4、来，如派生词在语言学中指往词根上添加词缀以构成新词。词根是派生词的基础，在同一词根上缀加不同的词缀，表示不同的意思和各种不同的词类。派生意义是词在语言发展过程中分化形成并保存下来的意义。词的派生意义是指在词的基本意义上产生出现的新的意义。词在原始词义的基础上，由于自由而广泛的运用，并受社会文化特征、使用范围、背景、语言环境等的影响而产生的新的意义。因此翻译中必须要了解这些影响，发现隐喻意义的变异之处，熟悉其修辞规律，译出派生意义，使译文语言诙谐生动。,11. 1 派生意义 (Derivative Meaning),8,例1：Id just done my stint as rubber duc

5、k, see, and pulled off the grandma lane into the pitstop to drain the radiator. (Baker: 2000) 【译文】你可知道，打头阵可不好受，一泡水胀得要命，我开出慢车道来到服务站，总算卸掉了包袱。 【解析】这段英语原文来自汽车司机行业这一劳动阶层，生活气息浓郁，也非常口语化，也不那么直白露骨。译文运用了隐喻的派生意义，显得婉转幽默。其中“rubber duck”比喻“运输车队的领头车”，“the grandma lane”比喻“慢车道”，“the pitstop”比喻“汽车服务站”,“drain the radi

6、ator”表示“排掉散热器里的热水”,实际上是比喻“小便、上厕所”。这就是隐喻派生的客观性。,9,例 2：I was scared of leaving the protective bubble of this place for places unknown, during uncertain economic times. And I was scared of squandering the incredible gift of my Stanford experience on pursuits that werent commensurate with expectations I

7、, and others, had of me. I was scared of not doing it all, of making irrevocable mistakes. 【译文】校园是一层保护膜，离开它去未知的陌生之地，又是在这经济不稳定时期，我感到害怕。斯坦福这些年给了我难以估量的宝贵积累，我怕浪费在与自己和别人的期望都不相称的工作上。我还害怕自己并非多才多艺，也害怕犯无可挽回的错误。 【解析】这是一位美国早年毕业于斯坦福大学的老校友，名字叫卡莱.费奥林娜（Carly Fiorina），若干年后回母校向即将毕业的学生谈自己的人生体会的演讲词中的一段话，其中“protective

8、bubble”和“incredible gift”分别译为“保护膜”和“难以估量的宝贵积累”，非常形象地表达了原文所隐含的意义。,10,例 3：No operation is more fearsome to the layman than brain surgery, the invasion by cold steel of mans citadel of reason and emotion, his very “self”. This book, which is entirely factual (only names and places have been disguised),

9、 describes one exploration into this complex and mysterious world. 【译文】对于一个外行人来说，没有比动脑部手术更令人胆颤心惊。一把冰凉的钢刀直插入人类理智与感情的城堡，捅进了人类的“禁区”！该书讲述的完全是真人真事（只把姓名和地址作了更改），记录了人们向这个错综复杂，神奇奥秘的世界所作的一次探索。 【解析】形式对等只有在少数情况下能将原文意思表达出来，而在多数情况下，由于两种语言表达方式不同，翻译时所解决的不是词的对应，而是整体表达，不是形式而是意义。在形式和意义不能兼顾的情况下，主要考虑意义不受原文形式的束缚和影响，抓住原意

10、，脱离原文影响，既表达出原文意思又能达到语言自然流畅。所以，这里把“citadel”和“self”译为“城堡”“禁区”符合翻译的要求。,11,例 1：Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 【译文】里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无两样。,补充例句,12,例 2：This is partly because, in order to break the Russian blockade, we are delivering rations and coal to the people of Berlin by air, the mo

11、st extravagant delivery service the world has yet known. (John Priestley: The Ironic Principle) 【译文】部分原因是：为了打破俄国对柏林的封锁，我们给柏林人空运口粮和煤炭，这是迄今为止世界上最为昂贵的运输项目。 【解析】此句说的是柏林封琐时期西方空运生活补给品给当地人，实际上这种运输项目不是指花钱最多，而是指汽油消耗太大，当时汽油又非常缺乏，因此将“the most extravagant delivery service”译为“迄今为止世界上最为昂贵的运输项目”是有历史背景的，其中所隐含的讽刺意义显

12、而易见。,补充例句,13,例 3：Copses, dells, quarries and all hidden places, which had been mysterious mines for exploration in leafy summer, now exposed themselves and their secrets pathetically, and seemed to ask him to overlook their shabby poverty for a while, till they could riot in rich masquerade as befor

13、e, and trick and entice him with the old deceptions. (Grahame: The Wind in the Willows) 【译文】灌木树丛，小山谷，采石坑以及一切隐秘的地方，在植物繁茂的夏天里还是需要探测的“秘密矿藏”，而此刻却可怜巴巴地裸露着，似乎要让他看一看这里的贫脊荒芜，不久它们又会如同从前一样披上这繁茂的面具，用老掉牙的把戏来欺骗他。 【解析】格雷厄姆的杨柳风是西方国家家喻户晓的动物故事，是“二十世纪的儿童（一岁到二十五岁）文学的佳作”（周作人）。译文运用了儿童的叙述口吻“植物繁茂”、“可怜巴巴”、“面具”、“老掉牙的把戏”，比较口

14、语化，用简单的词汇，很适合儿童阅读和理解，大大提高了译文的可接受性。,补充例句,14,课堂互动1： 翻译句子， 注意派生意义,1It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. 2His resort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 3And I suppose shell tell all the boys, the old cat. 4It was to be a very thorough attack, thus looks and under

15、tones were to be well tried.,15,课堂互动1： 翻译句子， 注意派生意义,5Brzezinski, national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter, has written one of the most important books on U.S. foreign policy since September 11. Among the handful of practitioners who write seriously and often about U.S. foreign policy, onl

16、y Henry Kissinger (another import) can compare with Brzezinski in terms of historical knowledge and imagination. When it comes to what might be called to “philosophy” of foreign policythe relationship of U.S. power and policy to broader historical and cultural trendsno statesman of Brzezinskis gener

17、ation is in his league. And no Democrat of any age can match Brzezinskis grasp of the national interest and its sometimes difficult relationship to the values of liberal society.,16,形象是指客观物质存在的具体形态。物质是一切形象的共同本质，形象是物质的具体存在形态。形象不只是日常生活中所指的视觉形象，还应包括物质形象的各个方面形象在空间的内部层次结构，能发出的音响，散发的气味及其温度、硬度等。在现实社会中，除了第一

18、性的形象自然物质形象外，还有第二性的形象，即人经过有意识的思维活动创造的形象。后者经过重新加工组合形象能动的反映前者，是人的精神意识和自然物质形象的统一。,11. 2 形象意义 (Figurative Meaning),17,形象意义指词的附加色彩之一，词义含有的关于被反映对象的形象感。这种有反映具体事物形貌状态的词才可能具有形象意义。通过一种事物来比喻另一种事物，将真实的“面孔”隐藏起来，把许多抽象的概念用具体或者熟悉的形象表达出来。如“斑马”，使人仿佛看到所指的动物身上有黑色带状的条纹。翻译中只有弄懂其形象意义才能再现隐喻意义。,18,例 1：“All the worlds a stage

19、, And all the men and women merely players.” (Shakespeare: As You Like It) 【译文】“世界是舞台， 人人是演员。” 【解析】世界小舞台，舞台大世界，既比喻舞台之大，同时又说明了世界之小，这里的“小”即“大”，“大”便是“小”；生活在这个世界上的每个人都是演员，都在用自己的言行举止、装扮表演来表现自己、谱写人生、美化舞台、丰富世界，形象具体的表达了隐喻意义。,19,例 2：Though Cabe could see immediately that she was unusually beautiful, a rare f

20、lower on the cusp of blooming. 【译文】尽管如此，卡布还是看到了她那非同寻常的美丽，一枝含苞待放的、珍奇花朵。 【解析】语言非常形象，隐语十分清楚。用“一支含苞待放的、珍奇的花朵”形象比喻美丽的程度，用“美丽”说明一支含苞待放的、珍奇的花朵，相互映衬说明。,20,例 3：The only completely stationary object in the room was an enormous couch on which two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon. T

21、hey were both in white, and their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house.,【译文】屋内唯一完全静止的东西便是一张庞大的长沙发椅，上面坐有两位少妇，活像浮在一个停泊在地面的大气球上。俩人都身穿白衣，衣裙在风中飘荡，好像乘气球绕着房子飞了一圈刚被风吹回来似的。,21,I must have stood for a few moments listening to the whi

22、p and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall. Then there was a boom as Tom Buchhanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room, and the curtains and the rugs and the two young women ballooned slowly to the floor. (F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby),【续

23、】我准是站了好一会儿，听窗帘刮动的劈啪声和墙上一幅挂像嘎吱嘎吱的响声。忽然砰的一声，汤姆布坎农关上了后面的落地长窗，屋内余风这才渐渐平息，窗帘、地毯和两位少妇也都慢慢地降落在地。,22,【解析】英语原文似从作者心田里流淌而出，如行云流水；汉语译文似从译者的笔端生花而来,如流水行云，毫无那种阅读域外文学作品的隔膜。从中可以看出作者对人生的体验、对艺术的感悟和形象思维能力；译者的文学修养和笔力，审美鉴赏力。比喻形象、栩栩如生，活灵活现，女性之美，衣裙之美，身体之飘逸，似天仙一般，随风而起，风息而降，一幅和平、安逸的画面，美丽、诱人的情景，和谐自然的场面。用普通平常之词，寓赞美颂扬之意。“这样的翻译

24、，自然不是单纯技术性的语言外形变易，而是要求译者通过原作的语言外形，深刻地体会原作者的艺术过程，把握原作的精神，在自己的思想、感情、生活体验中找到最适合的印证，然后运用适合于原作的文学语言，把原作的内容与形式正确无疑地再现出来。这样的翻译过程，是把译者和原作者合二为一，好像原作者用另外一国文字写自己的作品”（茅盾）。,23,补充例句,例 1： The royalties from his books and short stories still literally flowed in from all over the world. 【译文】他的书和短篇小说的版税还是像水一般源源不断地从全世

25、界流来。 例 2：There is a tide in the affairs of men which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. (William Shakespeare: The Life and Death of Julius Caesar) 【译文】世事如潮水，一切都听天由命。 【解析】把人生非常形象地比作“a tide ”“the flood”，使人自然联想到潮起潮落，如常自然，有涨潮便会有落潮，说明人一生有如意之时亦有失意的一刻，虽然人可以把握人生，但自然规律仍不可违背。,24,例 3：Pulling out all the

26、annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in over-powering purple，orange and pink, a final cry of joy. That would almost be murder. 【译文】把一年生植物强行拔起，掐死造化恩赐的紫绛、桔黄和浅红这一片烂漫，阻断自然界的最后欢声，简直无异于谋杀。（陆谷孙译） 【解析】改变原文结构，灵活大胆地运用翻译技巧，把“erupt”这一个动词分别译成汉语“掐死”和“阻断”两个动词，并构成平行结构；“自然界的最后欢声”表现了对花卉惊叹赞美和依恋惋惜之情。像这种一年生花草的花朵绽放是

27、其生命的高潮体现，花开时间虽短，但它们聚毕生之精华、毕生之努力于一“役”，为的就是这瞬间的辉煌，而这瞬间的辉煌就是它们展现给大自然的最后的“欢声”。译文生动再现原作的形象意义，准确表现作者所隐喻的思想和所寓寄的情感，极具感染力。,补充例句,25,课堂互动2： 翻译句子， 注意形象意义,1The floor looked like glass under the feet of the dancers. 2 while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to ta

28、lk across it. 3The great streets were wall-lined mysteries to her; the vast offices, strange mazes which concerned far-off individuals of importance. She could only think of people connected with them as counting money, dressing magnificently, and riding in carriages.,26,课堂互动2： 翻译句子， 注意形象意义,4Paring

29、down Chinas top-heavy government is key to speeding the reform of state enterprises. Zhu plans to hive off companies that were under the thumb of ministries. He also wants to reduce the conflicts of interest facing ministries that are both regulators and competitors. (Joyce Barnathan and everywhere

30、he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than them. How did this change come about? I do not know. What can make it legitimate? That question I think I can answer. The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms st

31、rength into right, and obedience into duty. Hence the right of the strongest, which, though to all seeming meant ironically, is really laid down as a fundamental principle.,28,课堂互动2： 翻译句子， 注意形象意义,But are we never to have an explanation of this phrase? Force is a physical power, and I fail to see wha

32、t moral effect it can have. To yield to force is an act of necessity, not of will at the most, an act of prudence. In what sense can it be a duty? Obey the powers that be. If this means yield to force, it is a good precept, but superfluous: I can answer for its never being violated. All power comes

33、from God, I admit; but so does all sickness: does that mean that we are forbidden to call in the doctor?,【续】,29,课堂互动2： 翻译句子， 注意形象意义,A brigand surprises me at the edge of a wood: must I not merely surrender my purse on compulsion; but, even if I could withhold it, am I in conscience bound to give it

34、up? For certainly the pistol he hold is also a power. ( Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract ),【续】,30,联想指由一人、一物或一概念而想起别的人、别的事物或概念。联想是信息在大脑中的一种加工方式和规律，即由当前的事物所放射的信息，刺激大脑神经网络中的信息组织样式时所产生的一种暂时的神经联系。联想分简单联想和复杂联想。简单联想包括接近联想、类似联想、对比联想；复杂联想又称关系联想，包括因果、种属。 翻译中的联想是译者发挥能动作用的过程，同时也是译者理解与表达的重要的心理手段。原语文化以一

35、种事物作比喻，译者可考虑用意义联想的方法，在译语文化中用另一事物作比喻，保留这种语用文化涵义。意义联想包括内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、搭配意义。译者通过联想，在头脑中建立词与词、词与物、物与物以及音、形、义之间的相互的暂时联系，把隐喻中所隐含的语用、文化涵义、尽可能地在译文中保留下来。,11. 3 联想意义 (Associative Meaning),31,例1：The weather smiled on us. 【译文】天气很好。 【解析】只有会说话的动物才会笑，人是会说话的动物，那当然就是指人。可这里却说是天气在向我们笑或天气使我们笑，能对人们笑的天气一定是好天气，所以这里隐喻的是“天气

36、很好”。,32,例2：Of me, my mother would say, with characteristic restraint, “this bandit. He doesnt even have to open a book A in everything. Albert Einstein the second.” 【译文】妈妈总是以特有的矜持说我，“这个小鬼头，连书本都不打开，就门门功课都能得个优秀，活脱脱一个爱因斯坦。” 【解析】实际上妈妈是在夸耀自己的儿子，聪明过人，善于动脑，学习成绩很好，是块科学家的材料。从中可见这位母亲说这句话时的骄傲自豪的姿态、那种心满意足的心理和无限

37、夸耀的语气，所以，运用联想，把“Albert Einstein the second”译成“活脱脱一个爱因斯坦”，非常符合这位母亲说话的语气。,33,例3： The Daffodils (William Wordsworth) I wanderd lonely as a cloud That floats on high over vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and danc

38、ing in the breeze.,【参考译文】 水仙 （威廉 华兹华斯） 独自漫游似浮云， 青山翠谷上飘荡； 一刹那瞥见一丛丛、 一簇簇水仙金黄； 树荫下，明湖边， 和风吹拂舞翩跹。,34,Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretchd in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay; Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,仿佛群星

39、璀璨， 沿银河闪霎晶莹； 一湾碧波边缘， 绵延，望不尽； 只见万千无穷， 随风偃仰舞兴浓。,【续】,35,The waves beside them danced, but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee; A poet could not but be gay In such a jocund company! I gazedand gazedbut little thought What wealth the show to me had brought;,花边波光潋滟， 怎比得繁花似锦； 面对如此良伴， 诗人怎不欢欣！ 凝视，凝视，流连不止

40、； 殊不知引起悠悠情思：,【续】,36,For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.,兀自倚榻憩息， 岑寂，幽然冥想； 蓦地花影闪心扉， 独处方能神往； 衷心喜悦洋溢，。 伴水仙，舞不息。 （孙 梁译）,【续】,37,【解析】这首咏黄水仙的诗，据华兹华斯

41、妹妹的日记所载，诗人1802年徜徉于英格兰湖区时，为优美的黄水仙所陶醉，两年后回忆当年情景，成诗而志。诗中运用隐喻语言现象来反映客观世界、周围环境、所见所闻、所思所想。用非常具体的词汇如象“cloud, floats, a crowd, a host, fluttering and dancing, the stars, shine and twinkle, tossing heads, company”等来形象比喻、意味幽长、深刻表达诗人自己的情感，基本上都用了异化译法；“the Milky Way”则用归化译法，使人产生联想、激情和美感。增加了语言的表现力，提高了译文的语用价值，才能体味到

42、隐语带来的情趣。,38,例1：Dawn was beginning to prowl about the sky and put out the stars 【译文】黎明悄然来临，星星暗淡无光。 【解析】这里的“prowl about”和“put out”两个谓语动词短语显然是个隐喻现象，像人一样“潜行而来” “熄灯灭火”，故而将全句译为“黎明悄然来临，星星暗淡无光”。运用联想，保留文化涵义，译出隐含意义。,补充例句,39,例2：All the time the creeping fear that he would never come back to her grew strong wit

43、hin her. 【译文】 那种一直令她毛骨悚然的恐惧愈来愈强烈她感到他将永远离她而去。 【解析】“creeping”本意是“爬行的，蠕动的”意思，通过触觉使人联想到毛毛虫在皮肤上蠕动的那种痒痒的难受的感觉，再和“fear”搭配一起，便给人一种难受、毛骨悚然的恐惧感。,补充例句,40,例 3：Cordell Hull, in the age of print, observed that a lie goes half way around the world before truth has time to get its trousers on. With television today

44、, truth never catches up with half truth.（Mortimer B. Zuckerman） 【译文】考岱尔 赫尔曾经指出，在印刷时代，真相还来不及穿上裤子，谎言就已经走遍了半个世界。在电视普及的今天，真相更难闭户守身。 【解析】Corded Hull是美国人，1933-1944年间任国务卿，当时还没有电视，传播媒介主要靠印刷的报纸，所以就说“in the age of print”，今天似可谓“in the age of television”。如若把传播真相和散布谎言比作一场赛跑，再把真相和谎言喻为有人格的实体，前者动作显得迟缓木讷，还“来不及穿上裤子”

45、“before truth has time to get its trousers on”，后者则动作迅速，不胫而走，就“已经走遍了半个世界”“a lie goes half way around the world”，这种表达虽然粗鲁一点，但确实显得十分生动、有力、直率，比归化译成“真相还未来得及掩饰，谎言就已到处传遍”要好得多。,补充例句,41,课堂互动3： 翻译句子， 注意联想意义,1. Among sailors, it is known as “the Graveyard of the Atlantic” because of the strange weather found t

46、here. 2Stranger yet are the numerous “ghost” ships that have been found floating crewless within the triangle. 3My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.,42,课堂互动3： 翻译句子， 注意联想意义,4

47、My rest might have been blissful enough, only a sad heart broke it. It plained of its gaping wounds, its inward bleeding, its riven chords. It trembled for Mr. Rochester and his doom; it bemoaned him with bitter pity; it demanded him with ceaseless longing; and, impotent as a bird with both wings br

48、oken, it still quivered its shattered pinions in vain attempts to seek him.,43,课堂互动3： 翻译句子， 注意联想意义,5The urgency is everywhere. Grass blankets the earth, reaching for the sun, spreads its roots, flowers and comes to seed. The forest widens its canopy, strengthens its boles, nurtures its seedlings, ri

49、pens its perpetuating nuts. The birds nest and hatch their fledglings. The beetle and the bee are busy at the grassroot and the blossom, and the butterfly lays eggs that will hatch and crawl and eat and pupate and take to the air once more. Fish spawn and meadow voles harvest the wild meadows, and o

50、wls and foxes feed their young. Dragonflies and swallows and nighthawks seine the air where the minute winged creatures flit out their minute life spans.,44,寓意指不在字面而在字里行间寄托或隐含的意义。如英语原文中含有生活习惯、民俗风情、典故传说、历史事件等文化意义，翻译时要仔细研究，挖掘内涵，透过表面的语言现象去挖掘深层次的内容，透视文化，加深理解；同时还要了解原隐喻的文化背景、历史传统、宗教信仰，既要使译文达意确切，好要再现原文的风格与

51、韵味，恰如其分地再现寓意。切忌将寓于字面背后的含义在译文的表面坦露无遗，而应当想方设法采用与原作同样含而不露的方式再现原文所暗示的文化心理内涵。,11. 4 寓意意义 (Sub-text Meaning),45,例1：“You want your pound of flesh, dont you?” 【译文】你要逼债是吗？ 【解析】这里的隐喻“pound of flesh”蕴含着威尼斯商人中的典故寓言意义，并不是要一磅肉，而是指“合法但极不合理的要求”，这里隐喻“逼债”的意思。,46,例2：This single stick, which you now behold ingloriously

52、 lying in that neglected corner, I once knew in a flourishing state in a forest. It was full of sap, full of leaves, and full of boughs. 【译文】你可见在壁角里的这束孤零零、羞怯怯的扫把吧，昔日在森林里也曾有过多汁嫩绿、枝繁叶茂、欣欣向荣的日子。 【解析】拟人化描写扫把，译出了文字表面形式背面的意义，“扫把”目前的处境“孤零零、灰溜溜、羞怯怯在壁角里”和曾经有过的辉煌“多汁嫩绿、枝繁叶茂、欣欣向荣的日子”进行了对比，寓意生活的道路，人生的轨迹，人的一生不就是这

53、样吗？意义深远，耐人寻味。,47,例 3：O. K. fellas, this is it! D-Day! Lets get out there and blitz the competition. Giveem hell! Now weve planned our strategy down to the last T. No Maginot Line here! And oh, we want no Quislings on our team. The last thing we want in this outfit is a Fifth Column.,【译文】好吧，伙计们，情况就是这

54、样！该大干一场了！大家要携起手来，争取竞争，快速取胜！决策既然定好就得毫无条件地贯彻落实，决不要一味地防守！噢,对了! 我们可不希望队伍中出现变节分子，我们最不希望出现家贼。,48,On the other hand, give yourselves room to maneuver. Dont get into any Catch-22 situation. Promise them anything: a New Deal, a Fair Deal, a Square Deal. Make the first sale and the rest will follow like the d

55、omino effect. The bottom line is sell, sell, sell!,【续】 还有，你们要善于心计，切勿陷入尴尬的境地！向客户做出一切承诺：新型交易，公平交易，公正交易。只要做成第一笔买卖，跟着就会生意兴隆，财源滚滚。总之，我们的最终目标就是卖、卖、卖！,49,【解析】这是一销售部门经理向下属推销人员的训话，其中用了十个隐喻,来源不同,意义不同。“D-Day”表示“诺曼底登陆日”，引申为一项重要行动，此处译为“该大干一场了”；“blitz”表示“二战中德军惯用的闪电战术”，比喻突然袭击，译为“争取竞争”；“giveem hell”表示“彻底打垮对方”（杜鲁门竞选

56、总统时的口头禅），译为“快速取胜”;“Maginot Line”表示“马其诺防线”，比喻不堪一击的防御性政策或措施等，译为“决不要一味地防守”;“Quisling”表示“二战时挪威纳粹傀儡政权头子”，比喻变节分子，译为“变节分子”;“Fifth Column”表示“ (西班牙内战时期的) 第五纵队”，比喻内奸人物或组织，译为“家贼”;“Catch-22”引申表示为“进退两难的僵局”(源于美国作家海勒的同名小说第二十二条军规)，译为“尴尬的境地”;,50,“New Deal”表示罗斯福“新政”，比喻雷厉风行的改革措施;“Fair Deal”和“Square Deal”均为“New Deal”的仿

57、词，可译为“新型交易，公平交易，公正交易”;“domino effect”表示“多米诺（或骨牌）效应”，与连锁反应（chain reaction）喻义相同，译为“生意兴隆，财源滚滚”;“bottom line”原指“财政报表座标图上表示纯收入或纯赤字的最低线(经济学术语)”，常用来比喻最终目标或利益等,译为“最终目标”。这些隐喻都具有言外之意，借以深刻地表示所要表达的特定含义，这种暗含的东西具有褒贬色彩，在翻译中一定要加以“淡化”处理解决, 不宜直译,否则将会出错，贻笑大方。,51,例1：Many took to gambling and got in over their heads, bo

58、rrowing from Shylocks to pay their debts. ( Time) 【译文】那些债台高筑的赌徒们不得不借高利贷还钱。 【解析】这里的Shylock不是指威尼斯商人中的那个具体的施放高利贷的犹太人Shylock，而是泛指所有斤斤计较的高利贷施放者或放高利贷这类事，并且用的还是复数形式Shylocks, 蕴含着典故寓言意义.,补充例句,52,例2：It was another one of those catch-22 situations, youre damned if you do and youre damned if you dont. 【译文】这又是一个

59、左右为难的尴尬局面，干也倒霉，不干也倒霉！ 【解析】这里的“catch-22”说法，出自于美国小说家Joseph Heller1961年出版的第22条军规（Catch-22）小说。小说中的第22条军规规定：“飞行员如果神经失常，可以不执行飞行任务而回国，但必须自己提出申请”。可是，能意识到飞行有危险而申请停飞的，则充分证明该飞行员头脑清醒、神经正常，因此不能豁免飞行任务。因此，这是一条自相矛盾，无法执行的规定。所以，“catch-22”常用来喻指“无法摆脱的困境”或“进退两难的局面”。,补充例句,53,例3： There is a Chinese maxim that says: The best plan for one year is to cultivate grain, that for ten years is to cultivate trees, and that for a hundred years is to cultivate people. Once cultivated, grain may bring about a crop within the year, trees may bring about benefits lasting scores of years. People