段落的展开方法.ppt

1、段落发展几种手段,文章一般分为引言introduction，正文body和结束语conclusion三部分。其中的引言部分和结束语就形成了文章的引言段和结尾段，而正文部分就是发展段，它既可以是一个段落，也可以是几个段落。 在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。,1 列举法(details),作者运用列举法，首先摆出一个论点，然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述或解释。是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,Examples,Yeste

2、rday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skir

3、t. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left

4、my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand.,Examples,Some people think that man are superior to woman in many ways. For one thing, many jobs which can easily be done by men can hardly be done by woman. And for another, most of the world famous people are found to be males. Mor

5、eover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Hence, men should enjoy more rights than women.,常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：,to begin with, first, second, also, besides, for one thing , for another, finally, moreover, one another , still another, 等。,2. 举例法(example),作者通过举出具体事例来阐述

6、、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。通过主题句直截了当的提出自己的观点，再举出具体例子加以说明。,Supporting a topic sentence with examples or illusions makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, intere

7、sting, memorable, or convincing. It is not always necessary to say “for example” or “for instance” when an example is given. The paragraph can start with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern. Another possible arrangement o

8、f details (or examples) in a paragraph is from the specific to the general. The details are mentioned first, and the general statement, which may be the topic sentence, comes ate the end of the paragraph, summarizing the main idea of the paragraph.,Examples,There are many different forms of exercise

9、s to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.

10、In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,Examples,Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to

11、breathe. For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.,My view on animal communication,Many people thin

12、k that animals cannot communicate with each other. In their opinion, they cannot speak or write. However, I hold that they can communicate. The following examples serve as proofs to support my view. First, animals of the same species can communicate with each other through signals. Bees, for example

13、, use signals to communicate information to other bees. When a bee has found food, it returns to its own hive. It dances in the air to tell other bees the place where the food is. As another instance, some animals make sounds to communicate their feelings to pass information to each other. A case in

14、 point is that a dog barks when it is angry or excited. This is also true in the case of birds. Birds make sounds to show danger or friendship. Interestingly enough, animals can even communicate with each other by touch. Lions rub each other The list of examples is endless. In a word, these are the

15、usual ways animals “talk” with each other.,常用的过渡连接词：,for example (instance), one example is, another example is, furthermore, moreover, in addition, To illustrate/a case in point is Therefore/From the above example/in conclusion/in short,3. 叙述法(narration),叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，

16、有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：,Examples,In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the c

17、all, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.,常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：,first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等

18、。,4 对比法或比较法(comparison spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags,

19、 Morse code, and picture signs.,6. 因果分析法(cause and effect ),在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at ho

20、me. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,Examples,Every year, earthquakes are responsible f

21、or a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. 1)Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of vibration. 2)Other damage results from landslides, large ocean waves or major f

22、ires which are initiated by the quake.,常用于因果分析法的连接词有：,because, so, as a result， since, owing to, because of, accordingly, as a result of, to result in, to result from, therefore, consequently, for this reason, to be the cause of, to be due to, to have an effect on,等。,7 定义法(definition),在科普文章的写作中，定义法必

23、不可少的。通过下定义，可使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。用定义法发展的段落包括两个部分。首先是定义句，说明是什么东西。其后是扩展部分，如：被定义物的来历、性质、特征、原理、用途等。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible

24、 the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.,Examples,A teaspoon is a utensil for scooping up and carrying small amounts of something. It has two joint parts: a flat, narrow, tapered handle, by which it is held, and a shallow, oval bowl to dip carry liquid, food or other materials. The handle is about four inches long. It arches slightly upward at the wide end. The shape of the handle allows it to fit easily in the hand when it is c