写作考试命题分析与预测3

1、写作考试命题分析与预测(3)概述新大学英语教学大纲对大学英语高级阶段写作能力有如下要求：“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记，回答问题，写提纲和摘要，能在半小时内就一定的话题，提纲，表格或图示写出180-200词的短文，能写报告、评论、发言稿和日常应用文等，内容完整，文理通顺，表达思想清楚。”根据这一要求，国家教育部又限定了大学英语四、六级考试以6分为最低作文分数及格线，给予作文对考试成绩特有的单项否决权。这一规定与要求对本来就惧怕英文写作的考生增加了更大的难度，对应试者的考前准备，特别是心理准备产生了巨大的压力。过去，许多考生曾寄希望于“作文损失，别的补”。现在，这种想法已行不通了。由

2、此可见，英语写作已成为应试者最大的心理负担之一。为了帮助考生克服这一心理负担，找到行之有效的应试方法与技巧，本章集中介绍了短文写作的命题形式与评分标准；常考文体形式与要点；基本写作方式与技巧；范文选读。C 短文写作的基本方法与技巧一、如何开头文章如何开头至关重要。文章的开头要开门见山，直接切入主题，切忌说了一大堆话还没有涉及到主题的现象，让读者读了你开头的文章还不知道你想要说的是什么。尤其在写议论文时，更要注意。1.以提问式开头以提问的方式直接引出主题或论点。例1.Do “Lucky Numbers” Bring Good Luck?(1998年6月六级作文真题)Do “Lucky numbe

3、rs” really bring good luck?My answer is NO. Ones good luck is not brought by lucky numberrs but dilligence.Only through hard work,determination,a strong will and persistence can one achieve success.例2.My View on Fake Commodities(1997年12月六级作文真题)How to do away with fake commodities then?The first thin

4、g for the government to do is to root out the loeal protectionism in China.In the meanwhile,fair competition must be enforced by law upon all the businesses,in which light,if one business takes unfair advantage of its customers,it will lose to competing business which treats its goods fairly.例3.My L

5、iflong PursuitWhat does one live for?An appealing but puzzling question that often haunts most college students.To turn it off,some are resolved to pursue the goal of perfection in their own lines,some are already in pursuit of pleasure each day offers,and some of the others are about to suit their

6、pursuits to changing conditions.My pursuit,upon which my life has centred since childhood,is simply comprised ofthree key elements:in most passion for love,great zeal for knowledge,and intenselonging for the rise of our nation.2.以陈述事实或现象开头例1.Is Failurs a Bad Thing?Failure is unvoidable in our daily

7、life though we all long for success in everything we do.Peoples attitudes towards failure,however,vary greatly from person to person.例2.Reading Selectively or Extensively?(1999年6月四、六级作文真题)Along with the arrival of the knowledye economy age,knowledge is being renewed at a higher speed than ever befor

8、e,and books on a variety of new subjects are bringing greater effects on our study and work.Facing more and more books,however,people show quite different attitudes towards how to read effectively and efficiently.例3.Global Shortage of Fresh Water(1996年6月四级作文真题)As is widely known through the news fro

9、m TV and newspapers,much of Africa is going thirsty.But few people are clearly aware of the fact that the shortage of fresh water is globally spread and is coming close to almost everyones life.3.直接提出论点开头例1.Generation GapWith the increase of pace in modern society,the tastes and thoughts of young ge

10、neration seem to be less and less in common with those of the old.Young people long for parents to understand their interpretation of the changes in social reality while parents hope their experience that the youth learn more from the traditional beliefs.Then,it is easy to see that how to bridge the

11、 young and the old lies in their attitudes towards the generation gap.例2.Should Cloning Be Encouraged?In my opinion,now that it is impossible to reverse knowledge,human beings shouldtake a wiser step to determine and control the direction of the cloning research.例3.Reading Selectively or Extensively

12、?(1999年6月四、六级作文真题)Knowledge is power.Everybody knows it.The main way for us students to gain knowledge is from the books.So some students argue that we should read extensively inorder to know something about everything,thus broadening our knowledge and enriching experience.4.以假设开头例1.Patriotic Educat

13、ionIf taken seriously,patriotic education can be found in its own practical and immediate significance.Through patriotic education,people are able to know more about our nation yesterday,half glorious and half shameful,thus resolving to prevent its tragedies from happening again.例2.Dont Hesitate to

14、Say “No”(1999年1月四、六级作文真题)If something destructive to larger interests may come of what we are asked to do for others,it is better to say “no” to them before we go about it.例3.Is the Ability to Express Yourself Important?If you work as a gardener,of course,not much skill in expressing yourself to be

15、effective.If you work on a machine,your ability to express yourself will be of little importance.But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom.二、如何写主题段落主题段落通常指的是“三段式”作文的中间部分，即body。在这部分里，作者主要通过摆事实，讲道理，进行详细论证，说明(理由或原因)列举(具体事例)的过程，因此，这部分写的如何关系到全文的成败与否。说明文和议论文展开主题的常用方法有两种：1.演绎法演绎法是由一般到具体的思维方法。这种方法

16、在四、六级短文写作中表现为在短文段首以主题句(Topic Sentence)的形式出现。主题句提出带概括性的原理，定义，观点和结论，然后通过具体的叙述，说明，举例使主题句变得具体，明白，易懂，从而使主题句提出的观点，主张得到论证和实现。这种方法在四、六级作文写作中极为普遍，其表现形式如下：(演绎法)例1. Fake commodities affect our life in many aspects.(Topic sentence) To begin with,they may turn out to be a threat to our lives,as is confirmed in t

17、he news that a couples dream of owning an electric bathing heater ended up by killing the husband (例证1).They also give rise to unfair competition,which in turn throws many original businesses into a commercial panic(例证2).And above all,they lead the whole society to seek dishonesty in making a fortun

18、e(例证3).Obviously,it is high time that the fake commodities were eliminated from our life(结论)。例2Many factors contribute to my intense foundness for reading,but three ofthem seem to stand out (Topic sentence).To begin with,reading feeds me with pleasure and satisfaction.By reading,I can tour about any

19、 place of science and historical interest without having to suffer the extremes of cold and heat,orrun into romance without having to worry about unsteadness of my emotion or bring to light secrets of others without having to quicken my concience,or.(理由1及细节)In addition,from good reading I have deriv

20、ed the trick of fighting loneliness.Whenever I am left alone or feel lonely,I always have a good book on hand to bring me friendship,sympathy and encouragement(理由2及细节).And best of all,systematic reading is more than likely to lay a solid foundation for my success.Since such books record all the expe

21、rience of human failure and success,I can follow correct path and avoid courting unnecessary failure(理由3)2.归纳法归纳法和演绎法相反，它是把一个个事例归纳成一个共同的结论(原因，理由，观点，定义等)其特点是从个别到一般。在短文写作中，其表现形式为先列举具体的事例进行分析，说明，进而得出论证或结论，在段末往往以主题句的形式表现出来。其表现形式如下：In the course of ones English study,for instance,there is so much for him

22、 to learn,such as new words,grammar rules and culture background.It is often a great headache to master a wealth of such stuff.The best way he first and foremost takes,however,is to practice and practice as much as possible.He has to read a lot,memorize a lot,speak a lot and write a lot.Only through

23、 practice will he beable to perfect himself in English.文章以英语学习为例，抓住需要学习和掌握的知识点极多这一关键问题，提出学好英语的最佳途径应是练习，紧扣文章的主题用具体事例展开说明，从而得出结论：只有通过这样的练习，他才能够使自己精通英语。三、如何结尾文章的开头和结尾在文章的总体结构上处于同等重要的位置。开好头能够吸引读者，而结尾好能够概括全文，给读者以美的享受。写好结尾应注意语言的简洁，有力，具有概括性；首尾一致，前后呼应，融为一体，写好尾段的常用方法有：1.改变表达式，重述原文主题(句)例1主题句：Patriotic education can be found its own practical and immediate significance.结尾句：In a word,patriotic education is the first and foremest way to foster our national spirit.例2主题句：Of evil grain no good seed can come.结尾句：If this situation is allowed to drift in its direction,our gove