现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构

1、现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构n 2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形位n 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类 2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. smallest: n

2、ot divisible into smaller forms meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationalization denationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning A morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do

3、 with meaning.Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体: various shapes or forms of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function conditioned by position or adjoining sounds Eg. -s bookbooks /-s/ pigpigs /-z/ horse horses /-iz/ Eg. im-，in-，i-perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect imperfect responsible irrespon

4、sible logical illogical flexible inflexible Eg. tion，-sion invent invention describe description justify justification modernizemodernization expand expansion decide decision omit omission 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类l Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素Free morpheme: one that can be

5、uttered alone with meaning A free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithBound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance appear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceiveQ：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encycl

6、opedia green (free) green-house (free + free) green-ness (free + bound) dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound) re-ceive (bound + bound) en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)* A free morpheme is a word.l Roots and Affixes词根与词缀Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lex

7、ical meaning of the word. 1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simple word.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words. 2. Bound root（粘着词根）:roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class

8、of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieve Eg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound) Vital

9、: necessary in order to stay alive -al: pertaining to = have a connection with vital = having a connection with lifeVivacious: adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively -ous: full of vivacous = full of life (energy)Vivid: producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike -id: having a ce

10、rtain quality vivid = having a certain quality of lifeAffixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme. 1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.特点：1.not to form

11、a new word with new lexical meaning 2. having only particular grammatical meaning 3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class) E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feetGenitive case: JamesVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, saidComparative and superlati

12、ve degree: slower, slowest 2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）:to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word特点：1. to derive a new word 2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning) 3. some to be attached to words of different word classes Eg. Having pejorative or derogatory mea

13、ning-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”=socialism Pro-means“on the side of ”=pro-com-munist n Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ismPro-communistDe-codeDe-valueWash-ablen mis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratichire-lingweak-lingchild-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）:Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin: Native affixes Foreign affixes2) By productivity: Productive/living affixes Unproductive/dead affixes Summary 2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态 2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2.