0.9Mta副立井提升机选型设计含7张CAD图
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外文资料Mine hoisting in deep shafts in the 1st half of 21st CenturyAlfred Carbogno 1Key words: deep shaft, mine hosting, Blair winder, rope safety factor, drum sizing, skip factor Introduction The mineral deposits are exploited on deeper and deeper levels. In connection with this, definitions like “deep level” and “deep shaft” became more and more popular. These definitions concern the depth where special rules regarding an excavation driving, exploitation, rock pressure control, lining construction, ventilation, underground and vertical transport, work organization and economics apply. It has pointed out that the “deep level” is a very relative definition and should be used only with a reference to particular hydro-geological, mining and technical conditions in a mine or coal-field. It should be also strictly defined what area of “deep level” or “deep shaft” definitions are considered. It can be for example: - mining geo-engineering, - technology of excavation driving, - ventilation (temperature). It is obvious that the “deep level” defined from one point of view, not necessarily means a “deep level” in another area. According to 5 as a deep mine we can treat each mine if: - the depth is higher than 2300 m or - mineral deposit temperature is higher than 38 C. It is well known that the most of deep mines are in South Africa. Usually, they are gold or diamonds mines. Economic deposits of gold-bearing ore are known to exist at depths up to 5000 m in a number of South Africa regions. However, due to the depth and structure of the reef in some areas, previous methods of reaching deeper reefs using sub-vertical shaft systems would not be economically viable. Thus, the local mining industry is actively investigating new techniques for a single-lift shaft up to 3500 m deep in the near future and probably around 5000 m afterwards. When compared with the maximum length of wind currently in operation of 2500 m, it is apparent that some significant innovations will be required. The most important matter in the deep mine is the vertical transport and the mine hoisting used in the shaft. From the literature 1-12 results that B.M.R. (Blair Multi-Rope) hoist is preferred to be used in deep mines in South Africa. From the economic point of view, the most important factors are: - construction and parameters of winding ropes (safety factor, mainly), - mine hoisting drums capacity, This article of informative character presents shortly above-mentioned problems based on the literature data 1-12. Especially, the paper written by M.E. Greenway is very interesting 3. From two transport systems used in the deep shaft, sub-vertical and the single-lift shaft systems, the second one is currently preferred. (Fig.1.) 6 Hoisting Installation The friction hoist (up to 2100 m), single drum and the double drum (classic and Blair type double drum) hoist are used in deep shafts in South Africa.Drum winders Drum winders are most widely used in South Africa and probably in the world. Three types of winders fall into this category - Single drum winders, - Double drum winders, - Blair multi-rope winders (BMR). Double drum winders Two drums are used on a single shaft, with the ropes coiled in opposite directions with the conveyances balancing each other. One or both drums are clutched to the shaft enabling the relative shaft position of the conveyances to be changed and permitting the balanced hoisting from multiple levels The Blair Multi-Rope System (BMR) In 1957 Robert Blair introduced a system whereby the advantage of the drum winder could be extended to two or more ropes. The two-rope system developed incorporated a two-compartment drum with a rope per compartment and two ropes attached to a single conveyance. He also developed a rope tension-compensating pulley to be attached to the conveyance. The Department of Mines allowed the statutory factor of safety for hoisting minerals to be 4,275 instead of 4,5 provided the capacity factor in either rope did not fall below the statutory factor of 9. This necessitated the use of some form of compensation to ensure an equitable distribution of load between the two ropes. Because the pulley compensation is limited, Blair also developed a device to detect the miscalling on the drum, as this could cause the ropes to move at different speeds and so affect their load sharing capability. Fig.2 shows the depth payload characteristics of double drum, BMR and Koepe winders. The B.M.R. hoist is used almost exclusively in South Africa, probably because they were invented there, particularly for the deep shaft use. There is one installation in England. Because of this hoists physical characteristics, and South African mining rules favouring it in one respect, they are used mostly for the deep shaft mineral hoisting. The drum diameters are smaller than that of an equivalent conventional hoist, so one advantage is that they are more easily taken underground for sub-shaft installations. A Blair hoist is essentially a conventional hoist with wider drums, each drum having a centre flange that enables it to coil two ropes attached to a skip via two headsheaves. The skip connection has a balance wheel, similar to a large multi-groove V-belt sheave, to allow moderate rope length changes during winding. The sheaves can raise or lower to equalize rope tensions. The Blair hoists physical advantage is that the drum diameter can be smaller than usual and, with two ropes to handle the load, each rope can be much smaller. The government mining regulations permit a 5 % lower safety factor at the sheave for mineral hoisting with Blair hoists. This came about from a demonstration by the% permits the Blair hoists to go a little deeper than the other do. On the other hand, the mining regulations require a detaching hook above the cage for man hoisting. The balance wheel does not suit detaching hooks, so a rope-cutting device was invented to cut the ropes off for a severe overwind. This was tested successfully but the Blair is not used for man winding on a regular basis. The gearless B.M.R. hoist at East Dreifontein looks similar to an in-line hoist except that the drums are joined mechanically and they are a little out of line with each other. This is because each drum directly faces its own sheaves for the best fleet angle. The two hoist motors are fed via thyristor rectifier/inverter units from a common 6.6-KV busbar. The motors are thus coupled electrically so that the skips in the shaft run in balance, similar to a conventional double-drum hoist. Each motor alternates its action as a DC generator or DC motor, either feeding in or taking out energy from the system. The gearless Blair can be recognized by the offset drums and the four brake units. A second brake is always a requirement, each drum must have two brakes, because the two drums have no mechanical connection to each other. Most recent large B.M.R. hoists are 4.27 or 4.57 m in diameter, with 44.5 47.6 mm ropes 1. In arriving at a drum size the following parameters have been used: - The rope to be coiled in four layers, - The rope tread pressure at the maximum static tension to be less than 3,2 MPa, - The drum to rope diameter ratio (D/d) to be greater than 127 to allow for a rope speed of 20 m/s. With the above and a need to limit the axial length of the drums, a rope compartment of 8,5 m diameter by 2,8 m wide, was chosen. The use of 5 layers of coiled rope could reduce the rope compartment width to 2,15 m but this option has been discarded at this stage because of possible detrimental effects on the rope life. One problem often associated with twin rope drum hoists is the rope fleeting angle. The axial length of the twin rope compartment drums requires wide centres for the headgear sheaves and conveyances in the shaft. To limit the diameter of the shaft, the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 4 has been developed and used on a hoist still to be installed. Here, an universal coupling or Hookes Joint has been placed between the two drums to allow the drums to be inclined towards the shaft center and so alleviate rope fleeting angle problem, even with sheave wheels at closer centres 11. The rope safety factor The graphs in Fig. 5 illustrate the endload advantage with reducing static rope safety factors. While serving their purpose very well over the years, the static safety factor itself must now be questioned. Static safety factors, while specifically relating to the static load in the rope were in fact established to take account of: a. Dynamic rope loads applied during the normal winding cycle, particularly during loading, pull-away, acceleration, retardation and stopping, b. Dynamic rope loads during emergency braking, c. Rope deterioration in service particularly where this is of an unexpected or unforeseen nature. If peak loads on the rope can be reduced so that the peak remains equal to or less than that experienced by the rope when using current hoisting practices with normal static rope safety factor, the use of a reduced static rope safety factor can be justified. The true rope safety factor is not reduced at all. This is particularly of importance during emergency braking which normally imposes the highest dynamic load on the rope. Generally, the dynamic loads imposed during the skip loading, cyclic speed changes and tipping will be lower than for emergency braking but their reduction will of course improve the rope life at the reduced static rope safety factor. The means, justification and safeguards associated with a reduced static safety factor are discussed in 4,7,9,12. Based on the static rope safety factor of 4, the rope endload of 12843 kg per rope can be achieved. With twin ropes, this amounts to an endload of 25686 kg. With a conveyance based on 40 % of payload of 18347 kg with a conveyance of 7339 kg. There are hoisting ropes of steel wires strength up to Rm = 2300 MPa (Rm up to 2600 MPa 6 is foreseen) used in deep shafts. There are also uniform strength hoisting ropes projected 2,8. Conveyances The winding machines made from a light alloy are used in hoisting installations in deep shafts. The skip factor (S) has been defined as the ratio of empty mass of the skip (including ancillary equipment such as rope attachments, guide rollers, etc) to the payload mass. If the rope end load is kept constant, a lower skip factor implies a larger payload in other words, a more efficient skip from a functional point of view. However, the higher the payload for the same rope end load, the larger the out-of-balance load implying a more winder power going hand in hand with the higher hoisting capacity. If, on the other hand, the payload is fixed, a lower skip factor implies a lower end load and a smaller rope-breaking load requirement. Under these conditions, an out-of-balance load attributable to the payload would remain the same, but that due to the rope would reduce slightly. The sensitivity of depth of wind and hoisting capacity to skip the factor is illustrated in Fig. 6 and 7. A reduction of skip factor from 0,5 to 0,4 results in a depth gain of about 40 m for Blair winders and 50 m for single-rope winders. The increase of hoisting capacity for a reduction of skip factor by about 0,1 is about 10 %. Typical values for the “skip factor” are about 0,6 for skips and about 0,75 for cages for men and material hoisting. Reducing skip factors to say about 0,5 is a tough design brief and the trade-offs between lightweight skips and maintainability and reliability soon become evident in service. The weight can be readily reduced by omitting (or reducing in thickness) skip liner plates but this could reduce skip life by wear of structural plate leading to the high maintenance cost or more frequent maintenance to replace thinner liner plates. Similarly, if the structural mass is saved by reducing section sizes or changing the material from steel to aluminium for example, the structural reliability is generally reduced and the fatigue cracking becomes more efficient. Some success has been achieved in operating large capacity all aluminium skips with low skip factors but the capital cost is high and a very real hoisting capacity constrain must exist before the additional cost is warranted. It would appear that the depth and hoisting capacity improvements are better made by reducing the rope factor of safety and increasing the winding speed. The philosophy of the skip design should be to provide robust skips with reasonable skip factors in the range of 0,5 to 0,6 that can be hoisted safely and reliably at high speeds and that are tolerant to the shaft guide misalignment. Conclusions The first installation of Blaire hoists took place in 1958. From that time we can observe a continuous development of this double-rope, double-drum hoists. Currently, they are used up to the depth of 3 150 m (man/material hoist at the Moab Khotsong Mine, to hoist 13 500 kg in a single lift, at 19,2 m/sec, using 2 x 7400 kW AC cyclo-convertor fed induction motors). The Blair Multi-Rope system can be use either during shaft sinking or during exploitation. The depth range for them is 715 to 3150 m and the maximum skip load is 20 tons. In South Africa in deep shafts single lift systems are preferred. Welding is essential to the expansion and productivity of our industries. Welding has been become one of the principal means of fabricating and repairing metal products. It is almost impossible to name an industry, large or small, that does not employ is type of welding. Industry has found that welding is an efficient, dependable, and economical means of: joining metal inprtactically all metal fabricating operations and in most construction.In tooling-up for a new model automobile, a manufacturer may spend upward of amillion dolla on weing epmenti Many buildings; bridgesi and ships are fabricated by welding. Where construction noise must be kept at a minimum, such as in the building of hospital additions, the value of welding as the chief means of joining steel sections is particularly significant.Without welding, the aircraft industries would never be able to meet the enormous demands for planes, rockets, and: missiles; Rapid progress in the space been made possible by new methods and knowledge of welding metallurgy.Probably the most sizable contribution welding has made to society is the manufacture ofspecial products for household use. Welding processes are employed in the construction of suchitems as television sets, refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, dishwashers, and other similar products.As a means of fabrication Welding has proved fast, dependable, and flexible It lowers production costs by simplifying design and eliminates costly patterns and machining operations.Welding is used extensively for the manufacture and repair of farm equipment, mining and oil machinery, machine tools jigs and fixtures, and in the construction of boilers, furnaces, and railway cars. With improved techniques for adding new metal to worn parts, welding has also resulted in economy for highly competitive industries.Types of Welding ProcessesOf the many processes of welding in use today, oxy-fuel gas welding, arc, and resistance dominate the field. These processes are best explained from the standpoint of the operators duties.The principal duty of the operator employing oxy-fuel gas welding equipment is to control and direct the heat on the edges of metal to be joined, while applying a suitable metal filler to the molten pool. The intense heat is obtained from the combustion of gas usually acetylene and oxygen. For this reason, this process is called oxyacetylene welding In some applications other gases-such as Map propane, or natural gas-may beutilized to generate the intense heat necessary for welding.The skills required for this job are adjustment of the regulators, selection of proper tips and filler rod, ,preparation of the: metaledges to be joined, and the technique of flame and rodmanipulation. The gas welder may also be called upon to do flame cutting with a cutting attachment and extra oxygen pressure. Flame or oxygen cutting is employed to cut various metals to a desired size or shape, or to remove excess metal from castings.The three main types of arc welding processes used today are shielded metal-arc welding, gas tungsten-arc welding, and gas metal-arc welding. Shielded metal-arc welders perform their skill by first striking an arc at the starting point of a weld and maintaining this electric arc to fuse the metal joints. The molten metal from the tip of the electrode is then deposited in the joint, together with the molten metal of the edges, and solidifies to form a sound and uniform connection. The arc welding operator is expected to select the proper electrodes for the job or be able to follow instructions as stated in the job specifications, to read welding symbols, and to weld any type of joint using the technique required.Gas-shielded arc processes have gained recognition as being superior to the metal arc process. With gas-shielded arc both the arc and molten puddle are covered by a shield of inert gas. The shield of inert gas prevents atmospheric contamination, thereby producing a sounder weld. The processes known:as gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding, sometimes called TIG and MIG, are either manually or automatically operated.Resistance welding operators are responsible for the control of machines which fuse metals together by heat and pressure. If two pieces of metal are placed between electrodes which become conductors for a low voltage and high amperage current, the materials, because of their own resistance, will become heated to a plastic state. To complete the weld, the current is interrupted before pressure is released, thereby allowing the weld metal to cool for solid strenqth.The operators duty is to properly adjust the machine current, pressure, and feedsettings suitable for the material to be welded. The welder usually will be responsible for the alignment of parts to be assembled and for controlling the passage of parts through the welding machineSelection of the Proper Welding ProcessThere are no hard and fast rules which govern the type of welding that is to be used for a particular job. In general, the controlling factors are kind of metals to be joined, costs involved, nature of products to be fabricated, and production techniques. Some welding jobs are best completed using the oxyfuel welding process as compared to shielded metal arc welding processOxyacetylene welding the most pular oxy-fuel gas welding process, is used in all matal working industries and in the field as well as for plant maintenance. Because of flexibilityand mobility, it is widely used in maintenance and repair work . The welding unitcan be moved on a two-wheeled cart or transported by truck to any field job where breakdowns occur.Its adaptability makes the oxyacetylene process suitable for welding,brazing,cutting,anfdheat treating,The chief advantages of shielded metal arc welding are the rapidity with which a high quality weld can be made at a relatively low cost and the variety of applications. Specific applications of this process are found in the manufacture of structural steel for buildings,bridge and machinery shield metal arc welding is considered ideal for making storage and pressure tanks as well as for production line products using standard commercial metalsSince the development of gas-shielded arc processes, there are indications that they willi be used extensively in the future welding all types of ferrous and nonferrous metals in both gauge and plate thicknessesResistance welding is primarily a production welding process. It is especially designed for the mass production of domestic goods, automobile bodies, electrical equipment hardware, etc. Probably the outstanding characteristic of this type of welding is itsadap tability to rapid fusion of seams.Electroplating is a process in which a metal is deposited onto a metallic substrate. The plated metal is normally of a thickness less than 0.002 in. and in most applications approximately 0.00010.0003 in. Metals are plated to afford the substrate properties That it would not otherwise have, such as improved corrosion resistance, aesthetic appeal, greater abrasion resistance, improved surface hardness, changed electrical characterisitics, and adjusted dimension to tolerance, as well as imparting other deesired propertiesThe greatest rse of plating is probably plating zinc on steel, thereby providing both a corrosion-resistant surface and one that is attractive in appearance. Such articles as nuts, bolts, washers, wire goods, casting, and numerous stampings are processed in this manner. Another extensive use of plating on steel is decorative chrome; this usually comprises a triplate of copper, nickel, and chromium. This finish has found widespread use on automotive and houseware applications where both a corrosion-resistant and an attractive surface must be provided.Many metals other than steel are electroplated. Metal substrates, such as aluminum,brass, copper, and zinc, are plated to provide various desired properties.Electroplating of plastic articles is finding increasing acceptance in industry.Itemsfabricated of molded plastics, such as automotive grilles, tail light assemblies, trim, andnumerous household appliances, as well as plumbing fixtures, are being electroplated. Aspecial process is required whereby the plastic part is metallized to make it conductive sothat it can be plated to the desired finish.The design engineer is able to select from numerous substrates to fabricate a part ,considering such factors as strength,and cost. The part, once fabricated, can then be finished by electroplating or by other related processes to provide the desired properties and appearance.The process used for electroplating is similar for all metals. The part to be processed is cleansed of all surface soil and then activated. The activated metal is placed immediately into the plating solution where the actual electroplating is to be achieved. The exact plating cycle and various solutions used will vary somewhat depending upon the base metal and the type of plating to be done.In the actual electroplating operation the parts to be plated are made cathodic in the plating solution. In a simplified operation these parts are suspended by a hook or wire from a cathode bar. Low-voltage direct current is supplied by a rectifier and is connected by a cable or buss to both the anode and cathode circuits in the plating tank.The anode and cathode bars are fabricated of copper and are positioned on, but insulated from, the tank rim. These bars are designed to carry the weights of the anodes and suspendedThe anodes are electrodes that are suspended in the plating solution,they are normal of the same metal is to be plated, that is copper plating or nickel anodes for nickel plating. During the plating operation the anode dissolves to replenish the solution of metallic ions deplated by metal deposition on the cathode. This type of anode is known as a soluble anode. Certain situations, however, require an insoluble (inert) anode whose only purpose is to provide current to the electrolyte.Examples of typical insoluble anodes are carbon for certain processes and lead anodes for chromium plating. Insoluble anodes are used in situations where the electrolyte woulddissolve the anode at a rate faster than the metal would be plated out of solution or in situationswhere the cost of a pure anode would be prohibitive.During plating low-voltage direct current is supplied to the electrolyte by arectifier.Generators are also used from time to time but have largely been replaced by the newer rectifiers. Depending upon the process, the current supplied by the rectifier is in the range of 6 12V, with current density depending upon the surface area of the cathode. Typical current densities for many plating operations are 20 100A/ft2 area to be plated. Hence a cathode area of 10 ft2 would require a rectifier capable of 200 1 000A. In actual production plants, rectifiers with a capacity of 5 000 20,000A are quite usual.The plating solution, that is, the electrolyte, is generally an aqueous solution that containsdissolved salts of the metal to be plated and other chemicals as may be required. Some electrolytes are quite simple in nature and may contain as few as two ingredients.Acid copper plating, for example, uses a solution of only copper sulfate and sulfuric acid.Other electrolytes, however, may be quite complex. The solution for nickel plating may contain as many as six to eight ingredients, such as nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, boric acid, sulfuric acid, and wetting agents, as well as several organic addition agents.中文译文21 世纪前半叶矿井提升机在深井中的应用关键词: 深井,矿井提升机,布莱尔提升机, 钢丝绳安全要素,滚筒尺寸, 骤变要素矿物沉淀物在越来越深的水平上被开采。 关于这方面,像“深水平面”和“深井”的定义 变得越来越流行了。这些定义与有关特殊规则方面的深度有关,涉及到挖掘操纵 、开采、 岩石压力控制、内层建造、通风,地下和垂直的运输, 劳动组织和经济学应用。“ 深水平面 ”已经被指出是一种非常相对的定义,这个定义应当只能用于采矿或煤领域有关特殊的水-地质学, 采矿和技术条件方面的参考。 它也应当用于严格定义已经公认的有关“深水平面”或“深井”领域的定义。 可以举例来说:- 采矿工程技术,- 开采操纵技术,- 通风 (降低温度).明显的是,从一方面得到的“深水平面”定义,在其他领域并不意味着“深水平面” 。 根据第5段提到的“深井”,我们可以设想每一个矿井:- 深度超过2300米深或者- 矿石沉积物的温度超过38摄氏度。广为人知的是大部分深井在南非。 通常,它们是金矿或者钻石矿井。人们都知道像黄金方面矿石的经济沉淀物存在于南非一些深达5000米的深井领域。 然而,在一些区域中,存在暗礁的深度和结构要素,先前在垂直的深井中使用的到达深度暗礁的方法在经济上不可取。 因此,当地的采矿业正在积极地研究在不久的将来能够用于深度达到3500米或者未来深度在5000米左右的矿井中的单一提升技术。相对于当今深度达2500米的矿井中的提升技术,它的一些创新在将来会有很大的意义。在深井中最重要的事件是垂直运输以及矿井提升技术在井中的应用。参考文献的1至12篇可以得出这样的结论:布莱尔多绳提升机在南非的深井应用中是首选的。 从经济学的观点看, 最重要的要素是:- 提升绳索的构造和参数(主要是安全要素)- 矿井提升绞车的承载能力,提升装置摩擦提升机(提升深度达2100米),单独的 和双滚筒提升机(第一流的和布莱尔形式的双滚筒提升机)广泛应用于南非地区。1 Carbogno Alfred Ing 博士, 来自波兰格利维策市西里西亚技术大学,采矿机械化学会, Akademicka 2 , PL 44-101 Gliwice滚筒提升机滚筒提升机被广泛应用于南非或许全世界。 三种类型的提升机属于这样的类型:- 单一滚筒提升机,- 双鼓提升机,- 布莱尔多绳绕线机 (BMR).双滚筒提升机双滚筒应用于单井,钢丝绳以相对的方向缠绕在它的上面,以保持运输工具的平衡。单一或者双滚筒附着于井,使得运输工具能够在相对于井的位置上变换以及从不等高的水平面平稳的提升。布莱尔多绳系统 (BMR)在 1957 年,布莱尔罗伯特引进了一种提升系统,这种系统可以将滚筒的优势扩大到能够缠绕两根或多根钢丝绳。 这种双绳系统发展成为二合一的滚筒,每一部分一根绳以及两根绳附着在单一的运输工具上。 他也开发了一种张紧滑轮装置,把它附着在运输工具上。 矿山部门说:倘若任何一根绳的承载能力要素不能降至法定要素9以下,将允许提升机械的法定安全要素从4275更改为45。这样一种补偿的必要性使得处于两根绳之间的载荷能够平衡分配。因为滑轮的补偿作用有限,布莱尔同样发明了一种装置来监测滚筒的误差,因为这样可以使得钢丝绳能够以不同的速度移动以及干
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