英美文化之音乐.ppt

1、,Reporter: Liu Wei,Music in Britain and America -The Medieval Era,The later centuries of the Medieval Age since 1000 witnessed notable progress in techonogy, architecture, education, and art. Traditionally, music wae understood as a matnematical discipline that procidedan insight into the relationsh

2、ip between number and cosmos.,Changes,1. The loss of many unwritten musical practices of ancient and medieval times. 2. The works that included the ancient musical theory were rare and were known to only and understood by fewer. 3. The musical practices of the medieval era are difficult to reconstru

3、ct.,the consequence of despise musical performance,Not surprisingly, the music of this period id extremely diverse, ranging from monophonic plainchant (单音素歌) to the intricate polyphony(复调音乐). And the range of music that has survived is sufficient to reveal a richly varred musical culture that establ

4、ished basic concepts and techniques we take for granted today: notation, polyphony,and an elaborate theory.,The mediecal era covers almost 1000 years.,The earliest notated repertories of medieval music are monophnic. The monophonic sacred music(单音的宗教音乐) of Christian Church is the oldest sources of p

5、lainchant(素歌).,The Christian Church play the vital role in the early music.,1 What is Plainchant(素歌).,Plainchant is pure melody used in the Christian liturgy (基督教礼拜仪式 ).,Characteristics: with no harmony accompaniment; no added voices; be called Gregorian chant(格里高利圣歌) Plainchant is a wonderfully eff

6、ective way of progjecting a test. From a purely practical point of view, the sung chan resonates longer,carries much futher, and is easer to be heard in a larrge space like a church than a text thatis merely read.,Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic,

7、unaccompanied sacred song of the western Roman Catholic Church. Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries. Gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by men and women of religious orders in their chapels.,Gr

8、egorian chant of the Kyrie (plainsong),Gregorian chant(格里高利圣歌),Christian liturgy(基督教礼拜仪式 ).,The origins and evolution of plaintchant are colsely linked to the development of the Christian liturgy. Christianity originnated as a sect of Judaism(犹太教), and the earliest Christians kept many of the tradit

9、ionsof Jewish workship, inculding the singing of hymns, and the systematic recitation or singing of psalms and other passages from Holy Stcripture.,According to the record, there were a wide diversity of liturgical and musical practices during Christianitys first 600 years. To built a unified repert

10、ory of plainchant , the Roman Rite was established. The Roman Rite, the most widespread liturgical rite in the Catholic Church, is one of the Latin rites(拉丁仪式) used in the Western or Latin Church.,Roman Rite (罗马仪式),1. From the early 7th century onward, popes successive popes asserted their primacy w

11、ithin the Western church, and in so doing vigorously promoted the export of the Rome liturgy and with it a standardized body of chant. 2. By the late 9th century, the legend had emerged that Pope Gregory I had been responsible not only for promoting the spread of Rome liturgy, but for composing the

12、chants himself, inspired by the Holy Spirit.,However, the result is not unsatisfactory. The early consolidation of the chant was not universally accepted immediately. It was Charlemagne(查理曼大帝) who realized the papal goal of a primary liturgy in the West.,Called Charles the Great(查理大帝) or Charles I(查

13、理一世),was the King of the Franks(法兰克斯之王). His reform focused on the strengthening of the churchs power structure, improving the skill and moral quality of the clergy, standardizing liturgical practices, improvements on the basic tenets of the faith and moral, and the rooting out of paganism.,Charlema

14、gne(查理曼大帝),He recognized that a unified liturgy -along with a unified body of music -would be very helpful to solidify the central authority. He not only caused liturgical music to flourish in his own time, throughout his empire in Western Europe, but he laid the foundations for the subsequent music

15、al culture of the region. With the aid of papacy, finally, Charlemagne succeed in imposing a single, more or less standard liturgy- the Rome liturgy-through his empire.,Contributions in the unification of unifmusic,In the early Middle Age, the separate development of British Christianity led to the

16、development of a distinct from of liturgical Celtic chant.(凯尔特人的圣歌) Although no notations of this music survive , later sources suggest distinctive melodic patterns. Celtic chant was replaced by Gregorian chant from the 11th century. The version of this chant linked to the liturgy as used in the Dio

17、cese of Salisbury(索尔兹伯里的教区), the Sarum Use(塞勒姆的使用), first recorded from the 13th century, became dominant in England.,Plainchant in Britain,圣安德鲁斯大教堂,Celtic chant is the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Celtic rite of the Roman Catholic Church performed in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany(布列

18、塔尼 ).,Celtic chant(凯尔特人的圣歌),艾伦.斯蒂夫,Celtic chant is the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Celtic rite of the Roman Catholic Church performed in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany(布列塔尼 ).,Celtic chant was influenced by Spanish(西班牙语), Gallic(高卢), Roman, and Eastern traits. However, it shows the g

19、reatest liturgical similarity with Gallican chant(法国天主教圣咏). The original text shows such typical Celtic elements as alliteration and a couplet structure.(头韵和一个对联的结构),Musical characteristics,Ireland, Scotland and Wales shared a tradition of bards(吟游诗人), who acted as musicians, but also as poets, stor

20、y tellers, historians, genealogists and lawyers, relying on an oral tradition that stretched back generations.,Secular Monophony (世俗的单音)in Britain,吟游诗人的画廊, 埃克塞特教堂,From the 11th century particularly important in English secular music were bards, sometimes attached to a wealthy household, noble or roy

21、al court, but probably more often moving from place to place and occasion to occasion in pursuit of payment. England in particular produced three distinctive secular musical forms in this period, the rota (轮值表) the polyphonic votive antiphon (复调奉献的轮流吟唱的歌) the carol (卡罗尔),2 Polyphony(复调音乐),A multi -

22、voice music(works in two or more independent melodic), work together harmoniously. Polyphony has a long history. 8th-9th At the time of singing carols, monks sing a different tune using different voice part respectively. Then the Counterpoint(对位法),harmony(和声),texture(乐曲结构) became standard elements o

23、f Western music.,In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are interdependent harmonically yet independent in rhythm and contour. It has been most commonly identified in classical music, strongly developing during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, especi

24、ally in Baroque music(巴洛克音乐).,Counterpoint(对位法),Some species of Counterpoint,harmony(和声),In music, harmony is the use of simultaneous pitches (tones, notes), or chords.The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them

25、.,The earliest known polyphonic compositions were based on existing plainchants. two lines duplicated and moved in parallel Contrary motion:one voice move upward,the other in opposite direction. In this way the two voice parts began to be melodically independent. This early polyphony is called Organum(奥尔加农). Clausula(克劳苏拉), Motet(经文歌), conductus(孔杜克图斯) emerged in medieval age.,Contenance angloise(英国外表),The Contenanc