四级写作题型总论.ppt

1、考试作文类型及命题,1. 短文写作大致分为以下几种类型： A. 应用文（Practical Writing） ：书信作文 B. 说明文（Exposition）: 图表作文 C. 论说文（Argumentation）,2. 命题形式（主要有三种形式） A.命题类作文： 包括命题提纲式，命题提纲式附首段起始句，命题式附各段主题句等分支。 B.规定情景类：包括情景式给定标题的论说文和情景式给定标题的记叙文等。 C. 图表，图画类作文：包括无题提纲式图表类作文，无题提纲式漫画或图片类作文；命题提纲式图表类作文和命题提纲式漫画或图片类作文。 段首句、提纲、命题、关键词、情景、图表作文,四级作文具体要求,

2、1） 语言第一位：表达通顺、无重大语言错误 （1） 基础一般：简单原则、安全第一 （2） 基础较好：句子结构词多变 2） 结构第二位： （1） 逻辑性： A. 并列：and/or/but B. 因果：because/in that, since/as, for C. 转折：but/however （2） 关联词： 3） 内容第三位：,建议在考试面前，考生作者在写文章就要直奔主题、开门见山，先摆主题句、关键词，然后再逐步琢磨细节、事实，最后别忘了画龙点睛，再次归纳概要，以便再次感化考官，刺激他们的兴奋点，丰收你自己的成功希望。,文章总体构建,1.合理布局篇章结构,2. 写好引言，主体部分和结尾段

3、落 3.遵循科学的写作步骤 A. 审题 B. 组织素材 C. 撰写提纲 D. 行文 E. 修改与修订,图表图画类作文,图表和图画作文在近年出现的比率大，考生也应该对这两类作文形式加以关注。写作在考试形式上也越考越灵活，总体上放弃了机械做题，避免考生猜题、押题，每年出题都在求变，考生就应该把握题型规律，掌握模式化语言，以不变应万变。 背范文、照搬句子在现在的写作考试中已经不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握写作的框架结构和精彩句型就能占据一部分优势，这些将构筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“闪光点”，得到评卷老师的欣赏。,图表作文的写作要看清数据的变化，通过坐标和图表纵横比较说明事实，并且从表面看到实质，了解变

4、化反映的深层意义。图画作文的难点在于对图画信息的描述是否准确。然后要点破图画的寓意，分析背后的原因，这是文章的重头戏，所以在复习中就要多看些报刊文摘的图片，多关注社会热点也是很好的锻炼方式。,图表式作文是四级考试中较难的一种作文类型。它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。图表式作文最大的特点是所给的信息表达很集中，给人以一目了然之感。图表式作文一般可分三段来写：第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。,图表图画类作文种类,1. Tabl

5、e bar graph 2. Graph and line graph chart circle graph pie graph picture graph,table,Bar graph,Changes in Chinas Foreign Trade,Circle graph (Pie chart),Line graph,picture graph “Good Example”,图表图画类作文写作技巧,一.写作要旨 1. 弄清题意，看作文属于下面哪一种： A. 单纯描述解释图表曲线，按图表所示内容如实表达，不加评论。 B. 通过叙述图表（或图画）中的内容和数字变化来分析原因，发表议论。,二.

6、 遵照程序,1. 审题和分析图表曲线；描述图表，得出结论； 2. 紧扣主题句，将图表，数字变为信息；分析原因，发表议论； 3. 提出建议或得出结论。,三. 掌握技巧,1. 对表格，图形，数据。分类，横线，纵线及百分比等代表什么，要先弄清楚； 2. 适当运用描述图表的规范用语。 3. 学会看趋势，找规律；从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点，规律； 4. 注意用数字获取信息，将代表发展趋势的数字变为文字，并加以叙述； 5.抓典型，讲原因，不需描述所有的信息； 6.必须基于图表所给事实，按情理得出结论，做到自圆其说，具有说服力。,图表作文的常用词,上升：increase rise ascend co

7、re surge go up climb mount level up 下降: decrease fall drop descend decline reduce lessen level down 平稳:stable steady remain/maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to,最高点:the highest the top the summit the peak the most 最低点:bottom less least rock bottom 平均:mean average 趋势:tendancy trend inclination 预见:

8、prediction 达到顶峰: mount to,在*中占*:*gain the percentage of 有一个稳定的过程:a stable period can be seen,第二段：说明段，From the*/*illustrate* +一些内容，主要写以下几个方面：极点(极大，极小)，趋势，特别点(交点，转折点，相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点) 第三段:From the chart,we may have a basic understanding of the situation of凑字数用的！,一些表达： A.柱形图 increase rise go up / drop

9、decrease decline B.饼图 *is divided/s into several parts *consume the largest portion *accounting for* *(百分比)of *is* *play a very important role in * C.线形图 From this point Drop/increase dramatically a modest /rapid increase,1.以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升，下降，或是波动，题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较

10、， 2.不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述,图表作文的关键是要记住一些常用的词，因为图表无怪乎曲线图和柱状图，别的图表大都可以以此类推。 这些词整理一下包括：increase decrease risedrop growfallshootup(非常得快)declinereachapeak reachanumber fluctuate(wildly/mildly)_leveloff,tostablize,tomaintainatrend形容快慢的词：rapid(ly)*dramatical(ly)*slight*sharp(ly)*gradual(ly)*quick(ly)*superisi

11、ng(ly),2.分项目的总结 在做这个之前，把“模板”说一下(主要针对菜鸟,应付考试时找不到东西说) 第一段：The*(某种图，比如bar chart ,pie chart或是curve graph)show*(简单写写情况，比如“妇女受教育程度”，“美国能源利用”，这些一般可以在图下面的说明文字中找到),From the *(某种土)we can have a understanding of *(又是什么情况) 注：第二句话是废话，是为了凑字数，字数够了的时候就可以不用了，当然写的时候注意表达方式的一些小改动,波动:fluctuate fluctuation rise and falls

12、 up and down 占:occupy take up account for gain 而:while however whereas on the other hand actually/in fact 相比:by contract on the contrary likewise compared with,写作模板图表式作文It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dro

13、pped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少).,What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most important of all, (第三个原

14、因).,From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).,图表图画类作文常用表达法,描述图表内容： 1. According to the figures shown in the tab

15、le/graph we can see/conclude that 2. The graph shows/tells us/ reveals that 3. As is shown/ can be seen in the chart 4. The table is/gives information about 5. The tables represent the development and changes in. In the past 10 years. 6. After considering the information in the graph we might conclu

16、de that,描述增减变化,1. Compared with the number of 1999 It still increased by 3896, with an increasing proportion of 2%. 2. The number ofgrew/rose from to 3. The amount ofwill rise/show a tendency to increase. 4. The population will amount to 1200 million in 2000. ,5. No increase is shown in 1965; then c

17、ame a sharp increase of eight million. 6. A is more/less expensive than B. 7. As production was more/less than that of B. 8. In 1990 the number remained the same/ dropped to,描述时间：,1. Over the period from 1987 to 1994 2. During the past half century 3. In the three years spanning from 1985 through 19

18、87 4. Between 1987 and 1997,图表图画类作文第一段写作公式：,It can be seen thatFrom the graph (chart,curve,picture)The graph shows thatThe statistics in the graph indicatesYou can find the tendency in the chart that,图表图画类作文第二段写作公式：,What are the reasons for it?There are a few reasons or ways.The explainings areThe s

19、olutions include First (of all) also second, in addition, furthermore从上面所讲中大家应该知道作文的套路，万变不离其中，再加上平时的积累，相信大家不会在作文中失分太多。,图表图画类作文第三段写作公式：,Then/However to me/for me/to my point of view, as far as I am concerned, for one thing, for the other/for another (thing),温室花朵经不起风雨,Study the following set of drawin

20、gs carefully and write an essay in which you should:,1）describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life,These two pictures are both interesting and instructive. From the pictures, we can see that a flower, shielded from the thunderstorm, grows pretty

21、 well in the green house. But when moved out, the flower can not withstand the wind and rain, and starts to wither. Several of its petals are already on the wet ground. Evidently, flowers growing up in the green house cannot survive a severe storm.,The implication of these pictures for our life are

22、obvious: overprotected children may grow up happily and physically healthily, but more often than not, they cannot adjust to the life in the real world. Born and bred in a protective home, they have become so dependent on their parents that they will turn to their parents for help whenever they are

23、confronted with difficulty. The result is that they dont know how to solve problems by themselves, they dare not make their own decisions, and worst of all, they do not know how to live a worthy life. Consequently, their life will be a failure.,Personally, I believe that parents should pay more atte

24、ntion to the cultivation of such qualities as independence, confidence and courage in their children. Only in this way can the children grow up, fully equipped to meet whatever challenges that life may present.,作文题: Topic: Adapt to the New Situations 要求: 1. 上图所示为1992-2004年某市再就业 情况，请描述其变化 2.分析以上变化的原因

25、（可从人们就业观念 的转化，政府采取的有力措施以及社会经 济发展提供更多就业机会等方面加以分析） 3.你的看法（一个人一生中更换工作 是常事，每个人都要随时提高自己以适应 新的变化）,Adapt to the New Situations,As the graph indicates, though there was a drop in 1996, reemployment rate has been on an increase in the last 10 years. It rose from a little less than 30% in 1992 to approximatel

26、y 90% in 2004. These figures mean efforts and victories both in policy and practice.,This program is subject to many reasons. One of them is that peoples employment ideas have changed. Compared to it in the past, it is more practical to the unemployed people that they do not fix on the jobs ensuring

27、 life-long employment or state-owned big firms.,Second, government at all levels help those who have been laid off because of reform policy such as tax reduction, job-seeking or labor resources enlargement. The service circles are encouraged to recruit more laid-off workers. As far as I am concerned

28、, an individual is subject to the new situation, since time and chance only visit those who have prepared to adapt to it.,命题类作文写作技巧,一，写作步骤 1. 审题与构思是写好作文的前提，因而在构思全文之前必须做到： （1）思考题目的内容：对于所给的题目不应忽视，因为大部分短文可通过题目确定文章的体裁是记叙文，描写文还是说明文或议论文。 （2）明确提纲要求：一般通过提纲的安排布局便可确定短文的结构框架，并组织内容。 （3）充分列出素材：在list making的过程中不要

29、顾忌所列出的是句子，短语，词还是速写，也不要担心写出的句子是否语言通顺正确，只要围绕主题即可。,命题提纲式作文常用的短语与句式（phrases and sentences used to start an essay,1. With the (rapidly) growing popularity of in China, the quality of our lives have been considerably changed. 2. With the (rapid) growth of our economy , an increasing number of problems, su

30、ch as, are beginning to surface. 3. With the (rapid) development of science and technology an increasing numbers of people come to realize that,4. Currently, there is a widespread concern over 5. There is a wide spread concern that 6. The government is (We are ) seriously concern with 7. In the past

31、 two decades (In the past five years), millions of have mushroomed all over China.,8. Nowadays, a heated debate (discussion) about is under way in China. 9. As the public awareness of .heightens, 10.Recently, extensive studiesshowthat,11. There are three major values of To begin with,.Next,. Last,.

32、There are, on the other hand, more reasons against it. First(ly), Second(ly), Finally, 12. There are some reasons for 13. There are three basic differences between 14.The three major reasons affectingare A,B and C.,15. Different people have different attitudes towards the biding of the 29th Olympic

33、Games. Some are in favor of while others are against 16. When it comes to the , most people believe that but other people argue that 17. Nowadays, has/have become a focus of attention.,常用于命题提纲式作文结尾的短语，句式(Phrases and Sentences used to end of an essay),1. Without, it would be different to imagine 2. W

34、e should do our best in eliminating 3. It is imperative for us to take effective measures to correct the situation 4. It is not what youbut what youthat really counts. 5. In the race for, there is no finish line. 6. The problem is not the problem is,7. In short, are the major problems to be solved t

35、o 13. To conclude, 8. Let us work hand in hand to 9. It goes without saying that 10. We should not let the golden opportunity slip by. On the contrary, we should seize the opportunity and face the challenge,下面结合一篇短文进行具体分析：,Title: On the laid-off worker problemOutline: 1.Present situation: laid-off w

36、orkers-a common phenomenon2. Comment on the lay-off problem3.Solution to the problem,On the Laid-off worker Problem,China is faced with the problem of laid-off workers. By the end of June 2003, according to the official reports, there were 7.1 million lay-offs nationwide. Among those discharged many

37、 are qualified for skilled work. Even some former model workers may now be in a dilemma of being laid-off.,There is nothing to make a fuss about the laid-off worker problem. This is, anyway, a by-product of economic development. With the on-going state enterprise reform, efficiency has become all th

38、e more important. The poorly-run factories and plants have to cut redundancy in order to survive. The bankrupt cant afford to keep any employee. Therefore, the phenomenon of laid-off workers, in a sense, is a sign of progress in the management of the state enterprise.,To solve the problem, the Re-em

39、ployment Project is well under way. The government, most important of all, needs to draw up an economic policy that will create more job opportunities to ease the mounting unemploy- ment created by the restructuring of the state sector. The laid-off workers, too, should adjust themselves to the new

40、situation by arming themselves with newer knowledge and skills to get the advantage in new positions.,文章点评,这是一篇命题提纲式作文。从已知标题和写作提纲中不难看出，本篇短文的写作要求是对目前社会上普遍存在的下岗职工问题进行分析并提出解决的部分。短文显然属于论说文体。因此，短文整体结构可按照提纲所给条目自然分为三个段落。 第一段：Present situation: Laid-off work-a common phenomenon. China is faced with the prob

41、lem of laid-off workers.,TS: China is faced with the problem of laid-off workers. Details: 7.1 million lay-offs nationwide. Among those discharged many are qualified workers. 第一段中according to the official reports起着引经据典的作用，令人信服。 Among those discharged承上启下，使行文更连贯。 in a dilemma是一个非常地道使用的介词词组，意为“处于困境中，左

42、右为难”。,第二段：Comment on the lay-off problem. TS: The laid-off worker problem is a by-product of economic development. 第三段：Solution to the problem. TS: To solve the problem, the Re-employment Project is well under way.,四六级考试作文常见指示/标志词语,1 举例句：for example, for instance, such as, as, like2 转折句：although, bu

43、t, however, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, still, instead3 因果句：because, for, since, the reason is that, result from, so, thus, therefore, so that, thats why, accordingly, as a result, result in, consequently, with the result that4 罗列递进句：also, next, too, in addition, furthermo

44、re, besides,5 比较句：as as, than, according as, in proportion as, while, whereas,6 表示方式句：as, as if, as though, the way, how7 让步句：though, although, if, even though, when, while, whereas, granting that, granted that, admitting that, for all that, in spite of,8条件句：if, unless, suppose, supposing, assuming,

45、 providing, provided, in the event, just so that, given that, in case that, on condition, as long as 9表示目的句：so, so that, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that,1 叙述夹说明式,第一段写作公式：I am /My name is becausebeing an eye-witness of or a friend of mine in the hospital of it is obliged that, it is my du

46、ty or right or responsibility truly/justly ,第二段写作公式：,Now/ At present, we have to face the fact that/More and more people get involved in for one reason, for another, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, others say or believe that, I am afraid, as far as I can remember, when happened, con

47、fronted with, be responsible for the that, should face to it, meet the challenge, figure out wayssolutions, above all, next, also, finally ,1 一分为二辨证式,第一段写作公式：Most people hold it that/ believe that/ put forward to thatas far as majority of us (students, things) are concerned,the advantages to, are ,

48、be superior to, have advantages overfirstly, secondly, finally,第二段写作公式：,however/ nevertheless/ in the meantime realizeget to know/ reconsider, more comprehensively, the disadvantaged, setbacks, shortcoming, be inferior to that or itthe first the secondthe former the latter第三段写作公式：for me/ to my knowledge/ personally speaking, one way, the other way, to be in the middle of, be mild, the dialectical law is, be dialectical, keep neutral in ,1. 主题单面阐述式,第一段写作公式：There is an old story like thisA well-known saying goes thatA pop