英语句子成分及练习课件.ppt

1、句子成分及练习,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语。,句子成分详解表,通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下： （定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语） 如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo. (The happy) child - went (his) home yesterday.,英语句子成分歌,英语句子八大块，主谓宾

2、表真实在； 补语跟着宾(语)表(语)跑，定语同位（语）把名词踹。 状语的位置很自在， 忽右忽左随心摆。,二）主语：,主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English i

3、n class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to ma

4、ster a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,找一找哪个是主语,My Hobbies Different people have different hobbies. I used to ride a bike and read story books. They could give us lots of knowledge. I keep cats and dogs. I thought pets were very friendly and lovely, but now I like listening to music

5、and chatting on the Internet, because music can relax me after the daily work and chatting can bring me happiness and friendship. I have different hobbies in different seasons. In spring I like flying kites. In summer I go swimming. I often climb hills in the fall. I like making snowmen best in wint

6、er.,（三）谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如： Do you speak English？ They are working

7、 in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,找一找哪个是谓语,My Hobbies Different people have different hobbies. I used to ride a bike and read story books. They could give us lots of knowledge. I keep cats and dogs. I thought pets were very friendly and lov

8、ely, but now I like listening to music and chatting on the Internet, because music can relax me after the daily work and chatting can bring me happiness and friendship. I have different hobbies in different seasons. In spring I like flying kites. In summer I go swimming. I often climb hills in the f

9、all. I like making snowmen best in winter.,（四）表语,表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） 2.Is it yours? （代词） 3.The weather has turned cold. （形容词） 4.The spe

10、ech is exciting. （分词） 5.Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）,6.His job is to teach English. （不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football. （动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance. （介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over. （副词） 10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主

11、语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有fe

12、el, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达结果是;证明是 ，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.,假如李明是你的好朋友，根据提示写一篇80词左右

13、的短文介绍李明的业余爱好。（短文开头已给出） 提示语： 1.李明以前是个电影迷, 一周至少去看两次电影，有时租VCD在家里看，最喜欢的影星是姜文； 2.李明现在的兴趣是集邮, 认为集邮非常有趣，可以从邮票上学到很多关于人物、地点、历史的知识, 有些旧邮票非常有价值； 3.上周五是李明的生日, 他从朋友那里得到了许多邮票，非常高兴。,找一找哪个是表语,Li Ming is my good friend. He has many hobbies. He used to be a movie fan. He went to the movie theater at least twice a wee

14、k. Sometimes he rented VCDs and watched them at home. His favorite movie star was Jiang Wen. Now Li Ming is interested in collecting stamps. He thinks its great fun. He can learn a lot about people, places, history and many other things from stamps. Some old stamps are very valuable. Last Friday was

15、 Li Mings birthday. He got many stamps from his friends. Li Ming was very happy.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helpe

16、d the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand

17、, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, exp

18、ect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .,下列动词既

19、可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。 forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) I forgot returning the book to him. (书已还给他了),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，

20、teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will

21、soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,找一找哪个是宾语,Li Ming is my good friend. He has many hobbies. He used to be a movie fan. He went to the movie theater at least twice a week. Sometimes he rented VCDs and watched them at home. His favorite movie star was

22、Jiang Wen. Now Li Ming is interested in collecting stamps. He thinks its great fun. He can learn a lot about people, places, history and many other things from stamps. Some old stamps are very valuable. Last Friday was Li Mings birthday. He got many stamps from his friends. Li Ming was very happy.,（

23、七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。 定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our monitor is always the first to e

24、nter the classroom. （不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语） 8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2

25、.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.Once you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,找一找哪个是定语,My Hobbies Different people have diff

26、erent hobbies. I used to ride a bike and read story books. They could give us lots of knowledge. I keep cats and dogs. I thought pets were very friendly and lovely, but now I like listening to music and chatting on the Internet, because music can relax me after the daily work and chatting can bring

27、me happiness and friendship. I have different hobbies in different seasons. In spring I like flying kites. In summer I go swimming. I often climb hills in the fall. I like making snowmen best in winter.,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because

28、 of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired tha

29、t he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old. 9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,找一找哪个是状语,Dear Dad and Mom, How is it going? I hope you are in good health. I enjoyed living in Beijing very much. I studied and communicated culture with Chinese studen

30、ts. At the weekends, I played different kinds of sports. Last week I visited many places of interest in Beijing, and I saw Peking Opera yesterday. I enjoyed delicious food here and learned a lot about Chinese history. Hope to see you soon.,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： This

31、is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What

32、a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,Adverbial,6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave f

33、or Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,14. Do you have anythi

34、ng else to say? 15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.

35、,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,划分句子成分 1.we are working . 2.I can swim very well . 3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me . 4.Why does the wind blow . 5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day . 6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music . 7.Jim asked you to give

36、his best wishes to everyone . 8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .,9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed . 10.He gave his son some advice on reading . 11.Read me the first paragraph . 12.Ive ordered some soup for you . 13.He began leaning English ten years ag

37、o . 14.My being late worried my teacher . 15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us . 16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit . 18.I found the book in the corner of the room. 19.he f

38、inished lunch and went into the garden . 20.The telephone rang . 21.We study hard . 22.His father might have died . 23.Will you leave the door open when going out . 24.Can you make the dog stand still ?,25.The landlord had them working day and night . 26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is impor

39、tant to good writing . 27.We all breathe ,eat, drink . 28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning . 29.The book weighs five kilos . 30.They will be flying to London . 31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me . 32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.,33.Please pass a newly- publ

40、ished magazine to me . 34.He lived in Guang Zhou . 35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees . 36.His uncle left him some money . 37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years . 38.I like popular music . 39.She knows what to do ne

41、xt . 40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .,二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：,I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest,

42、so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm.,Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men work

43、ing for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.,三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：,Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest t