《风能的影响》PPT课件.ppt

1、1,Impact of Wind Energy on Power System Operation,Joris Soens web-event Leonardo ENERGY 16 February 2006,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Departement Elektrotechniek (ESAT) Afdeling ELECTA,2,Presentation Outline,Introduction: wind power in Belgium, state of the art in

2、stalled power, turbine types interaction with power grid Dynamic modelling of wind power generators Aggregated wind power in the Belgian control area hourly time series value of wind power Conclusions,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,3,I. Wind power, state of the art,

3、Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,4,Levels of installed wind power in Europe,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,5,Control options for wind turbines,Speed control fixed speed variable speed limited range variable speed wide range Reactive p

4、ower control Blade angle & active power control fixed blade pitchable blade Yaw control,highly dependent on generator type,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,6,Generator types for wind turbines (I),squirrel cage induction generator nearly fixed speed always inductive lo

5、ad,Turbine,Grid,shaft & gearbox,wind,SCIG,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,7,Turbine generator types (II),doubly fed induction generator variable speed limited range reactive power controllable,shaft & gearbox,DFIG,Converter,Grid,Crowbar,Turbine,Introduction,Dynamic M

6、odelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,8,Turbine generator types (III),synchronous generator, direct drive variable speed wide range no gearbox reactive power controllable,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,SG,Turbine,Converter,Grid,Permanent Magnet OR Field Winding

7、,9,Interaction with power grid,Until recently: wind power = negative load Now: wind power = actively contributing to power system control ride-through capability voltage control output power control specific grid connection requirements development requires dynamic models,Introduction,Dynamic Modell

8、ing,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,10,Example: ride-through requirement,Wind turbine disconnects at light grid disturbance Disconnection causes new grid disturbance Cascade-effect may result in major sudden loss of wind power Example: Spain, February 26, 2004 600 MW loss of wind power due to one

9、grid fault Therefore: definition of voltage profiles that must not lead to disconnection,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,11,Example: ride-through requirement by E.ON Netz (Germany),Each voltage dip remaining above red line must not result in disconnection of the gene

10、rator Within the grey area, extra reactive power is demanded from the wind power generator to deliver voltage support,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,12,II. Dynamic modelling of wind power generators,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,13

11、,Dynamic modelling of wind turbines for use in power system simulation,Power system simulation software: simulate dynamically short-circuits, load steps, switching event . interaction wind turbine model and grid model:,grid,controlled wind turbine,grid dispatch & control,wind speed,injected current,

12、voltage at turbine node,reference P and Q,controlled grid parameters,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,14,Detailed turbine model withdoubly fed induction generator,vwind,uturb,qref,pref,iturb,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,15,Detailed

13、turbine model: simulation examples,step-wise wind speed increase voltage dip at turbine generator,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,16,Detailed turbine model:simulation example I (1),simulation input: step-wise increasing wind speed,wind speed at hub height,400,600,800

14、,1000,1200,1600,1800,2000,10,20,m/s,time s,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,17,400,600,800,1000,1200,1600,1800,2000,time s,0,5,1,power p.u.,variable speed &pitch control,fixed speed & pitch control,fixed speed & no pitch control,turbine power for increasing wind speed

15、,Detailed turbine model:simulation example I (2),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,18,Detailed turbine model:simulation example I (3),400,600,800,1000,1200,1600,1800,2000,time s,0,5,1,speed p.u.,turbine speed for increasing wind speed,variable speed turbine,constant sp

16、eed turbine,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,19,Detailed turbine model:simulation example I (4),zoom on turbine speed,variable speed: propeller speed,variable speed: generator speed,fixed speed: propeller speed,fixed speed: generator speed,995,1000,1005,1010,1015,1020

17、,1025,0.95,1,1,05,time s,speed p.u.,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,20,Detailed turbine model:simulation example II (1),1000,1001,1002,voltage at turbine generator,0.4,0.6,1,p.u.,0.8,0.2,time s,simulation input: voltage dip at turbine generator,Introduction,Dynamic M

18、odelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,21,Detailed turbine model:simulation example II (2),1000,1005,1010,1015,time s,0.9,1,1.1,1.2,speed p.u.,propeller speed,generator speed,propeller and generator speed during voltage dip, for fixed-speed turbine with induction generator,Introduction,Dynamic M

19、odelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,22,propeller and generator speed during voltage dip, for variable-speed turbine with doubly fed induction generator,Detailed turbine model:simulation example II (3),1000,1005,1010,1015,time s,0.9,1,1.1,1.2,speed p.u.,propeller speed,generator speed,Introduc

20、tion,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,23,Dynamic turbine model:conclusions,Detailed model allows examination of interaction between turbine and grid electrical & mechanical quantities good understanding of turbine behaviour thorough insight in mechanical and electrical behaviour o

21、f turbine/grid simulation of heavy transients help to set up connection requirements,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,24,III. Aggregated wind power in the Belgian control area,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,25,Wind power in Belgium,95

22、 MW wind power in total installed by end of 2004 (onshore),One offshore wind farm (216 - 300 MW) permitted and near construction phase (start construction soon),Legal supporting framework for offshore wind farms established in January 2005,Best wind resources are offshore or in the west part (near s

23、hore),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,26,High voltage grid in Belgium,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,27,Aggregated wind power in the Belgian control area,Time series of aggregated wind power Value of aggregated wind power,Introductio

24、n,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,28,Time series for aggregated wind power,Research project ELIA - ELECTA Research goal estimation of hourly fluctuation of aggregated wind power in Belgium Use estimation of need for regulating power estimation of value of wind power Available dat

25、a Wind speed measurements at three sites in Belgium Scenarios for future installed wind power,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,29,Available wind speed data,Wind speed data from meteo-stations Ostend, Brussels, Elsenborn,Three-year period (2001 2003), hourly resolution

26、,Anemometer height: 10 m,Complementary to data from European Wind Atlas (turbulence, landscape roughness),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,30,Available wind speed data,Ostend,140 km,Brussels,110 km,Elsenborn,60 km,140 km,prevailing wind direction,Introduction,Dynamic

27、Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,31,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,Scenarios for installed wind turbines,Turbine type parameters: power curve hub height Developed algorithm allows arbitrary number of types In following application: two turbine types,32,Sc

28、enario I Evenly distributed,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,33,Scenario IIConcentrated,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,34,Scenario IIIOne offshore farm,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,35,Scenario IVSce

29、n. II + Scen. III,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,36,Algorithm output:aggregated wind power time series,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,37,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,Quantization of power fluctuat

30、ions:power transition matrices,Number of occurrences that a power value in hour H is in given range As a function of power value in hour H 1, H 4. Example: H vs. H-1 matrix for Scenario 1,38,H vs. H-1 matrices for all scenarios,Scenario I,Scenario II,Scenario III,Scenario IV,Introduction,Dynamic Mod

31、elling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,39,Value of aggregated wind power,Possible indicators for value of wind power Capacity factor Capacity credit Potential reduction of CO2-emission by total power generation park in Belgium,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,40,Cal

32、culated for separate turbine or for aggregated park Most important parameter for turbine exploiters, when money income produced energy,Capacity factor,capacity factor =,annual energy production MWh installed power MW x 8760 h,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,41,Capaci

33、ty credit:definition,reliable capacity amount of installed capacity in a power system, available with given reliability to cover the total power demand loss of load probability (LOLP) probability that total power demand exceeds the reliable capacity capacity credit of wind power Amount of convention

34、al power generation plants that can be replaced by a given level of wind power, without increase of the LOLP,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,42,Capacity credit:calculation,H( 0 ) = LOLP = 4 h/year,Assumption: probability that,Total power demand (reliable capacity + D

35、 MW ),Impact of additional power generator (park), with production probability p( Pplant ),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,43,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,0,500,4,3,2,1,0,D (Demand not served) MW,hour/year,l = 30 Qpeak = 13.5 GW H(

36、0) = 4 h/year,LOLP graphical,LOLP,H (D ),44,0,500,4,3,2,1,0,Capacity credit graphical,D (Demand not served) MW,H (D ) & H2 (D),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,hour/year,45,Absolute capacity credit for wind power in Belgium,1000,2000,3000,4000,0,100,200,300,400,5000,I

37、nstalled wind power MW,Capacity credit MW,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,46,Shortcomings of capacity factor/credit as value indicator,Moment of energy production? Instantaneous demand for electrical energy? Energy production in next time sample? True value indicator

38、 must reflect difference of a chosen paramater, between case with and without wind power This requires Knowledge of entire power system Dynamic simulation of entire power system,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,47,Dynamic simulation of entire power system (1),Simulati

39、on tool PROMIX (Production Mix) Input data: Parameters for all power plants in control area Power range Costs of start-up and continuous operation Time for start-up and power regulation Fuel consumption, gas emissions. for various operating regimes Time series of aggregated load in control area (res

40、olution: 1 hour),Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,48,Dynamic simulation of entire power system (2),Output: Optimal power generation pattern for every hour Fuel consumption, emissions, costs. for every plant & hour Integrating wind power time series in input data As eq

41、uivalent reduction of aggregated load For large values: reliable wind power required Results: CO2-emission abatement for various levels of installed wind power,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,49,Relative annual abatement of CO2-emission,Scenario I,5,10,15,20,0,2,4,6,

42、8,Installed wind power % of peak demand,CO2 emission abatement % of reference case,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,50,5,10,15,20,0,2,4,6,8,Installed wind power % of peak demand,Introduction,Dynamic Modelling,Aggregated Wind Power,Conclusions,Relative annual abatement of CO2-emission,Scenario III,CO2 emission abatement % of reference case,51,ConclusionsValue of wind power,Capacity factor: 20 - 31 % (spreading) Capacity credit: 30 -10 % (installed power) CO2 emission abatement: Optimum