Chapter_1词汇学2.ppt

1、1-3-1: What Is Lexicology?,lexicon: word, phrase Lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes (formed by Noah Webster in 1828) logie: learning, the study of,Lexicology General Lexicology Special Lexicology 普通词汇学 具体语言的词汇学,Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary (lexis/lexic

2、on) of a language and colloquial neutral academic the properties of words as the main units of language. origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application,Lexicology is the study of the lexis, understood as the stock of words in a given language, i.e. its vocabulary or lexicon (form G

3、reek lexis word, lexikos, of / for words)” (Howard Jackson 2000 Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology Cassell) The study of the history and present state of a language vocabulary (carried on by lexicologists).,1-3-3: The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branc

4、hes of Linguistics,1.With phonetics: The study of the sound system and sound changes of language is closely related to grammar and lexicology. The expression of the meaning of words is made possible by means of sounds; it depends on the phonemic made-up of words, on the order of the sounds, and on t

5、he sound-stress.,e.g. When well is with different tone, it expresses different feelings. A.Well, and what are you going to do about it? (Challenge) B.Well, I am surprised to see you! (Surprise) C. Well, let me think. Yes, I remember. His name was Peter. (Hesitation) D.Well, well, look whos come to h

6、elpnow its all finished! (Sarcasm) E.Well, Im glad thats over. (Relief) F.Well, I know what Ill do. Ill ask Jim to give me a lift. (Decision) G.Well, I suppose theres nothing we can do about it. (Resignationthe acceptance of an unpleasant situation or fact ) H. Well, in some ways we enjoyed it. (Qua

7、lified approval, not totally),A. 好啊，你要干什么？ B. 妈呀，你从哪钻出来的？ C. 嗯，让我想想。哦，好像，他叫彼得。 D. 得了，得了，瞧，谁来了，就这样了 吧！ E. 唉，终于完了。 F. 对，我知道该怎么办了。让吉姆来接我。 G. 行了，顺其自然吧！ H. 可以了，毕竟我们还是挺开心的。,英语与汉语有些词的发音相似: amorous back bawd 爱慕 背 鸨 cheat cough dawn 欺骗 咳嗽 旦 ditch give palm 堤 给 巴掌 rude shy 鲁莽 羞,2.With grammar Words become sig

8、nificant speech-forms only when they are governed by grammar.,e.g. In the word worker the er-ending is a grammatical form, and so are the ous-ending in previous and the y in rocky. Thus even isolated words bear a definite relation to the grammatical system because they belong to some parts of speech

9、. The tie between lexicology and grammar are particularly strong in the sphere of word-formation. More examples: advantageadj. continuityadj. advantageous continuous detectionadj. detectable,3. With stylistics: an aspect of literary study that emphasizes the analysis of various elements of style; th

10、e study of the devices in a language that produce expressive value,e.g. The euphemisms about death: to die to pass away; to depart; to go to sleep; to go to heaven; to join the great majority; to kick off (sl.); to pop off (colloq.); to be called home; go to Glory; go to a better world; go to meet o

11、nes maker,1-3-4: Two Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology,A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time/said of an approach that studies language as a theoretical “point” in time. A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a la

12、nguage that took place over a period of time/A diachronic view of language is a view over a period of time.,cylinder,Diachrony 历时分析 Diachronic (historical) linguistics,Synchrony 共时分析synchronic linguistics,the study of language change over a period of time,look at one particular point in time (a sing

13、le cut across the cylinder),c.f. Morphology is a study and description of word formation in a language including inflection, derivation and compounding/the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language/the study of word structure, esp. in terms of morphemes. Semantics helps to get ones

14、 meaning clear, and to be able to put across ones idea in social intercourse. It also investigates the nature, structure, and the development and change of word-meaning. It deals with important subjectspolysemy and homonymy, synonymy and antonymy, metaphor and metonymy, etc./the study of meaning exp

15、ressed by language. Etymology studies the history of individual words, their original forms and meanings/the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.,Historical lexicology studies the development of the vocabulary as a whole on the basis of etymology and other sciences such

16、 as the history of the English language and English social history. Phraseology is to study formation and usage, their classification and characteristics. Lexicography means dictionary compiling/the art and science of dictionary-making (carried on by lexicographers).,For discussion and review:,1.Whats the relation between language, lingu