词汇学.chapter2.ppt

1、Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary,2.1 The Indo-European Language Family and the Creators 2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development 2.3 General Characteristics 2.4. Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 2.5. The Latest Development of the English Vocabulary,1. Where does th

2、e English language come from? 2. What influences do other language have on English? 3. What is the new trend of the development of modern English ? 4. Who created the English words?,2.1 Genetic relations (genetic classification)the world has some 5,000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly 30

3、0 language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.,Sino-Tibetan Indo-European Semito-Hamitic Bantu Uralic altaic Malayo-Polynesian Indian,Ten most widely used languages a. Chinese b. English c. Russian d. Spanish e. Hindi f. Japanese g. German h. Arabic i. Portugue

4、se j. French,To 2.2,Sino-Tibetan Language Family,汉藏语系,汉语族,壮侗语族,苗瑶语族,藏缅语族,汉语,壮泰语支,侗水语支,黎语支,侗语,水语,壮语,泰语,老挝语,布衣语,傣语,苗语,瑶语,藏语支,缅甸语支,景颇语支,彝语支,彝语,傈僳语,Indo-European Language Family,印欧语系 Indo-European,East Set 东语群,West Set 西语群,赫特语族,吐火罗语族,印度伊朗语族,波罗地语族,斯拉夫语族(Slavic),阿尔巴尼亚（Albanian),亚美尼亚语（Armenian),梵语（Sanskrit

5、),波斯语（Persian),日尔曼语族 (Germanic),希腊语族 (Hellenic),凯尔特语族 (Celtic),拉丁语族 (Latin/ Italic),盖尔语（Gaelic),布列塔尼语 (Briton),苏格兰语 (Scottich),爱尔兰语 (Irish),威尔士语 (Welsh),French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese,Romanian,Germanic Language,Germanic,East Germanic Branch,North Germanic Branch,West Germanic Branch,Gothic (died)

6、,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic,Norwegian,Scandinavian,High German,Low German,German,Flemish,Dutch,English,Frisians,2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development,1. Old English (4501100/ 1150) 2. Middle English (11001500) 3. Modern English (1500up to the present),English as we know it today has been the

7、language of England for a comparatively short period. Since its introduction into the island about the middle of the fifth century it has had a career extending through only fifteen hundred years. The first people known to inhabit the land were Celts. In 5554 B, C, the Romans, headed by Julius Caesa

8、r the Great, invaded the British isles, and were to occupy the land from A. D. 43 until about 410.,Know-ledge,Historical Events before English Came into Being,In 5554 B. C. the Romans, headed by Julius Caesar the Great, invaded the British Isles. Christianity was brought to the land. The withdrawal

9、of Roman invited the invasion of the rich lowlands by the Pics and Scots from the north. The Celts appealed to Germanic warriors for assistance in defending their land. The Teutonic spoken people Angles, Saxons, Frisians and Jutes came in great number and began to control the land. The English langu

10、age came into being.,Three Groups of Dialects,Anglican (with its two subdivisions: Northumbrian and Mercian) most part of England and the lowland of Scotland Wessex (south part of Thimes River) Kentish dialect (by Jutes, kent),The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy?,English map,Features of Old English,Old Englis

11、h has a vocabulary about 50,000 to 60,000 words. Most of them are monogeneous and entirely Germanic Many of the Latin borrowings were associated with the church Compound is major way in word building,Monogeneous and Germanic,English is an Inflected Language. Nouns has five cases:Nominative, Vocative

12、, Accusative, Genitive, Dative gender:hand (M), foot (F), head (N), day (M), night (F),numbers:from 1to 10 relations: father, mother, son, daughter stocks: hound, cow, ox, steer, ewe, oh, fee tool: wheel, yoke, axle animal:wolf, hare, mouse, feather,bird,Examples of Teutonic words:,Examples for borr

13、owings,assasellus bishopepiscopus cheesecaseus cookcoquus churchcyriacum dishdiscus pearpirum streetstrata,bloom leg cake raise drip take egg window fro theyhi happy theirhiera themhem,Dover London York Avon Trend Don,angle anthem cherry devil hymn martyr plum,Latin words:,Scandinavian words,Celtic

14、words,Greek words,Middle English (1066-1500),The Norman Conquest: Danish king Knut (10161042); Edward the Confessor; Harold (1066); William, Duke of Normandy; Hastings,Norman: a modified form of Northman, kinsfolk of those scandinavian raiders and conquerors. Their depredations had extended to the F

15、rench coast. But they had not blotted out the native culture there. Instead, they had adopted the ways of the native Franks, intermarried with them, and has accepted their language and religion.,Two results of Norman Conquest: 1. It brought to an insular nation a new and larger continental culture 2

16、. It forced on England “the national idea, a concept against which the Saxons had long struggled.,Co-existent period,Norman French became the polite speech. The native tongue was a despised language which was lest to the use of boors, serfs, swineherds and servants. By the end of 13th century, the s

17、ense of English identity asserted itself by the Anglo-Norman. In the next hundred years or so, with the separation of the two nations, bit by bit English came back into schools, the law courts and government. It made the final step back to a position of importance when it emerged once again as a res

18、pected literary medium with the Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer, Langland and others.,Why did Midland triumph?,1. The midland included London, which was then the capital of England, naturally the political, economical and cultural center; 2. Two great writers Wycliff and

19、 Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings; 3. Midland is an intermediate dialect, as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike, whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively; 4. When Caxton introduced th

20、e printing press in 1477, the printers patronized the midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect,Great changes in English,The steady erosion of the old English Inflectional systems; drop a great many of their inflections; Endings of nouns, adjectives

21、 marking distinction of number, case and gender lost their distinctive forms; French words poured into English and covered every realm of culture and society,Modern English (1500),Characteristic: 1. Syntactic features: a. From synthetic language to analytic language; b. Five cases of noun reduced to

22、 one; c. Standardized plural forms; d. Frozen word order; e. Irregular verbs diminished 2. Latinate flavor of modern English (Renaissance) 3. More standardized spelling 4. Global language (absorb from all major languages )(England rose to be a great economic power because of the Bourgeois Revolution

23、 followed by the Industrial Revolution. 5. The emergence of neologisms in larger numberto express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly, after World War II,summary: The history of English has been divided into periods. But the changes

24、 in the vocabulary are never periodic and abrupt, but always continuous and gradual and will remain so forever.,The influence of RenaissanceEuropean saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the western worlds great literary h

25、eritage and of great scholarship. Translators and scholars borrowed heavily from the Latin vocabulary of their source materials.,a. The Latin loan words were mostly connected with science and abstract idea: eg. chemist, function, scientific, vacuum, area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, prec

26、ise b. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words: eg. drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon, criterion, botany, physics,2.3. General characteristicsAccording to Wrenn in his book The English Language,Receptivity, adaptability and Heterogeneity As we have already known, the Angl

27、o-Saxon in the old English period was almost a “pure” language, which created new words from its own compounded elements and had hardly any foreign words. Later on, it become the most heterogeneous language. Simplicity of inflection Old English was characterized by “full ends”; middle “leveled endin

28、gs”; modern “lost endings” Relatively fixed word-orderin an inflected language, the arrangement of words is fairly free, as the inflections show clearly the proper relationship in the sentence, and ambiguity is unlikely. While in an analytic language, the word-order may result in a change of meaning

29、,Con: English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, the most difficult to use well.,Examples:,In Old English, which was a synthetic language, the grammatical relationships of words in sentences were indicated by the changes of word endings, which are now reduced to minimum.,Eg:,Old: leorn-i

30、an mon-a stan-as sun-ne sun-u,Middle: lern-en mone-e ston-es sun-ne sun-e,Modern: learn moon stones sun son,2.4 foreign elements in the English vocabulary,Latin Greek French Scandinavian Other foreign elements,Latin words: In 600 B. C. Latin was an insignificant dialect spoken by a few illiterate tr

31、ibes in hills of central Italy. By the time of Christ, Latin was the official language of empire ruling the entire Mediterranean world and most of Europe.,I. The Pre-Anglo-Saxon period: kettle, cup, dish, pillow, pear, plum, turnip, beet, pepper, street, wall, colony, wine, oil, vinegar, mule, pound

32、, ounce, butter, trade, pit, bargain II. The Old English Period: Castra: Chester, manchester, Lancaster, Dorchester, Worcester Loucester, Colchester; Religion: creed, pope, priest, altar, shrine, chapter, organ, candle, disciple, mass, nun, clerk, church, monk, minister, psalm III. The Middle Englis

33、h Period.,Latin II.,III. The Middle English Period: abject, adjacent, allegory, conspiracy, contempt, custody, distract equivalent, frustrate, genius, gesture, history, homocide, immune incarnate, include, incredible, incubus, incumbent, index, individual infancy, inferior, infinite, innumerable, in

34、tellect, interrupt, juniper legal, legitimate, limbo, lunatic, magnify, malefactor, mechanical, mediator necessary, nervous, notary, ornate, pauper, polite, popular, prevent, private project, promote, prosecute, prosody, quiet, rational, reject, remit, script secular, simile, solar, solitary, spacio

35、us, submit, subscribe, substitute summary, supplicate, suppress, temperate, temporal, testify, tributary zenith, zephyr,Latin III.,IV. The Modern English Period: education, delicate, esteem, benevolent, enterprise, studious, endeavor, protest, reproach, malignity, tuberculosis, angina, furnuncle, ad

36、vocate, appeal, civil, jurist, radius, focus, status, bonus, circus, apparatus, nucleus, genius, vacuum, minimum, maximum, via, criteria, species, series, specimen, alibi, bacillus, opus, dictum, arena, militia,Latin Abbreviations: i.e. (id est) = that is to say e. g. (exempli gratia) = for example

37、a. m. (ante meridiem)= before noon etc. (et cetera)= and so on p.m. (post meridiem)= after noon cf (confer) = compare ibid (ibidem) = in the same place,Greek Words:,Government and Politics:democracy, monarchy, politics, anarch Philosophy: logic, academy, philosophy, metaphysics Science: astronomy, a

38、tom, arithmetic, geography, eclipse, magnet, planet, sphere Medicine: anatomy, clinic, cardiac, diet, diagnosis, alphabet, drama, epic, etymology, grammar, homonym, idiom, phrase, poem, poet, rhythm rhetoric, syntax Sports: athlete, gymnasium, marathon , stadium Others: anthology, architect, echo, c

39、haos, eclectic, hero, ethnic, idiot, melody, method, music, mystery,French Words:,Government and Administration: government, govern, administer, crown, state, empire, realm, reign, royal, prerogative, authority, sovereign, majesty, tyrant, usurp, oppress, court, council, parliament, assembly, treaty

40、, alliance, tax, subsidy Religion: religion, theology, sermon, baptism, communion, confession, penance, prayer, clergy, clerk, cardinal, dean, parson, vicar, crucifix, trinity, virgin, saint Law: justice, equity, judgement, crime, plea, suit, plaintiff, defendant, judge, advocate, attorney, petition

41、, complaint, summons, verdict, sentence, decree, award, fine, forfeit, punishment, prison, pillory Military: army, navy, peace, enemy, arm, battle, combat, skirmish, siege, defense, ambush, stratagem, retreat, soldier, garrison, guard, spy, captain, lieutenant, sergeant Life: fashion, dress, habit,

42、gown, robe, garment, attire, cloak, coat, collar, veil, lace, embroidery, button, tassel, plume, satin, fur, blue, brown, scarlet, saffron, russet,Scandinavian Words:Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic (the northern branch of the Germanic),Nouns: husband, sister, skill, leg, skin, bag, ball, b

43、ank, cake, club, dirt, gear, link, root, scrap, seat, window Pronouns: both, they, their, them Verbs: call, cast, die, droop, drown, gape, gasp, get, give, glitter, guess, hit, lift, raise, rid, scare, scream, take, thrive, thrust, want. Adjectives: awkward, flat, happy, ill, loose, low, odd, rotten

44、, same, seemly, sly, tight, ugly, weak, wrong,Words pertaining to animals,weather, social and farming: bat, booth (hut), egg, gill, kid, slaughter, wing, tern, skate, billow, bulk, gale, gust, raft, sky, fellow, law, outlaw, lass,Other Foreign Elements:,Italian German Celtic Dutch, Spanish and Portu

45、guese Chinese Others,Italian:,Architecture: corridor, balcony, cameo, design, arcade, cupola Literature: sonnet, stanza, improvise, canto Painting: miniature, profile, model, relief, picturesque, vista, Music: piano, bass, saxophone, violin, accordion, concert, solo, sonata, opera, duet, trio, quart

46、et, soprano, tenor, brass, baritone, trill, Cooking: spaghetti, lasagna, macaroni, broccoli, salami, Military: brigade, battalion, campaign, cannon, cavalier, infantry Others: attitude, bronze, caprice, carnival, influenza, jeans, malaria, umbrella, parasol, volcano,German: technical, food and drink

47、,cobalt（钴）, quartz（石英）, zinc（锌）, nickel（镍）, bismuth（铋）, lager（贮藏啤酒）, blitzkrieg（闪电战）, ostpolitik（东方政策）, flak（高射炮，抨击）, Fahrenheit（华氏）, hurrah（欢呼声）, landau（四轮车）, plunder, poodle（长毛狗）, swindler（骗子）, waltz, camellia（山茶花）, sauerkraut（泡菜）hamburger, noodle (Translation loans): homesickness, one-sided, surp

48、lus value, world outlook(世界观）, thing-in-itself（自在之物）, class struggle, world market, dictatorship of the proletariat（无产阶级专政）,Celtic:,bin（容器）, crag（岩石），blarney（奉承话），cairn（锥形石堆）slogan（标语）Tory(保守党）whiskey（威士忌）cradle, down（小山）torr（=hill), cumb（=valley) Terrain: Thames, Wye, Avo, Usk, Ux, Axe , Esk Places

49、: Winchester, Manchester, Glocester, Exeter, London, York, Kent,Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese:,Dutch (trade, fighting, competing): boom, skipper, yacht, drill, stove, trigger, wagon, landscape, sketch, boor, pickle, skate, boss, bush, Santa Claus,Spanish (commercial, political relations): mosquito, Neg

50、ro, potato, tornado, cafeteria, fiesta（喜庆日，假日）, desperado（亡命徒，暴徒）, alligator（短吻鳄）, booby（笨蛋，傻瓜）,Portuguese (slave culture): cobra, port (=sweet wine), veranda, banana, pagoda（宝塔），molasses（糖蜜）, zebra（非洲斑马）,Chinese:,silk, li, tea, kowtow, yamen, lama, tong（堂），kylin（麒麟）galingale（良姜），chaa（茶叶），sycee（银锭），

51、hong（商行），chinchin（请请），yak （牦牛），litchi（荔枝） sampan（舢板），typhoon, bonze（和尚），bok choy（白菜），cheongsam（旗袍），chiao（角），renminbi（人民币）, running dog（走狗）, kungfu（武术）, mao-tai（茅台）, Peking duck, pinyin （拼音）, Red Guard（红卫兵）, tao（道）, yin（阴）, yang（阳）, hutong, tofu（豆腐）, Boxer（义和团成员）, big leap forward, gang of four, one

52、country with two systems, falungong,Other Elements:,Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, caliber, coffee, cotton, jar, magazine, muslin, sofa, tariff, zenith（顶点）, syrup（糖浆） Indian: candy, bangle（手镯）, cashmere, jungle, pajama（睡衣）, shampoo, shawl Russian: czar, vodka, sputnik（人造地球卫星）, cosmonau

53、t, steppe（干草原）, mammoth Bulgarian: coach Persian: bazaar, caravan, orange, check, chess, hazard, lilac Japanese: kimono（和服）, karate（空手道）, judo（柔道）, tycoon, tatami（稻草垫）karaokay African: lion, oasis, paper, gypsy, sack, gum, ibis,The latest Development of English Vocabulary,Samples Reasons of vocabula

54、ry development Ways of vocabulary development,Samples of The Latest Development,1. euro (14/12/1995) 2. Clinton (1993) 3. Clintonian 1. of or having to do with the policies of Bill Clinton 2. A person who supports the policies of Bill Clinton eg. 1. We want to be suitably Clintonian and nostalgic. B

55、ut at the end, its too smug and too hollow. 2. “We dont want to have an enemy any more,” laments one Clinton confidant, and the war room is of little help when the Clintonians are their own worst enemies. (U.S. News II. Socio-economic, political and cultural changes; III. The unrest international si

56、tuations,1.Progress of science and technology,Nuclear bomb: chain reaction, radioactivity, megadeath, neutron bomb, medium range ballistic missiles New disciplines: behavior science; cybernetics （控制论），sociolinguistics ecology（生态学） Space: space-age, space-man, space-station, space-time, lunar rover（登月车）satellite, launching pad, cosmonaut, space suit, lander（着陆舱），rendezvous（宇宙飞船的会合），moonfall（登月），moonwalk, moonquake, moonscape, lunarnaut（航月员）, quasars（类星体），pulsars（脉冲星）, niutron stars（中子星） Environment: ecoactivist, environmentalist, ecocatastrophe, ecocide, ecocrisis