The UK 英国.ppt

1、英国概况,The Union Jack,呈横长方形，长与宽之比为。为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。,National Emblem,即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独

2、角兽支扶着。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。,【国歌】上帝保佑女王 god save the queen（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为god save the king） 【国花】玫瑰花 【国鸟】红胸鸽 (Red chest pigeon) Robin 【国石】钻石,英国王朝,按时间顺序分别是： 诺曼王朝、安茹王朝、金雀花王朝、兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝、都铎王朝、斯图亚特王朝、汉诺威王朝、萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝和温莎王朝,诺曼王朝 House of Norman,威廉一世

3、 King William I the Conqueror 征服王 威廉二世 King William II Rufus 红毛王 亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc 儒雅王 斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝),安茹王朝 House of Anjor,亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle 短斗篷王 理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion 狮心王 约翰 King John Lackland 无地王,金雀花王朝House of Plantagenet,亨利三世 King Henry I

4、II) 爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) “长脚王” 爱德华二世 King Edward II 爱德华三世 King Edward III 理查二世 King Richard II,兰开斯特王朝 House of Lancaster,亨利四世 King Henry IV 亨利五世 King Henry V 亨利六世 King Henry VI,约克王朝 House of York,爱德华四世 King Edward IV 爱德华五世 King Edward V 理查三世 King Richard III,都铎王朝 House of Tudor,亨利七世 King

5、Henry VII 亨利八世 King Henry VIII 爱德华六世 King Edward VI 简格雷 Lady Jane Grey 玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody “血腥玛丽” 伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I,斯图亚特王朝 House of Stuart,詹姆斯一世 King James I 查尔斯一世 King Charles I,共和政府,奥利弗克伦威尔 理查克伦威尔,斯图亚特王朝复辟 House of Stuart,查尔斯二世 King Charles II 詹姆斯二世 King James II 威廉三世和玛丽二世 King Wil

6、liam III and Queen Mary II) 安妮女王 Queen Ann,汉诺威王朝 House of Hannover,乔治一世 King George I 乔治二世 King George II 乔治三世 King George III 乔治四世 King George IV 威廉四世 King William IV 维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria,萨克森科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha,爱德华七世 King Edward VII 乔治五世 King George V,温莎王朝 The House of Windsor,乔治五

7、世 King George V 爱德华八世 King Edward VIII 乔治六世 King George VI 伊丽莎白二世 Queen Elizabeth II,英国历任首相,1 罗伯特沃波尔（Robert Walpole）17211742辉格党 2 威尔明顿伯爵（Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington） 17421743辉格党 3 亨利佩尔汉姆（Henry Pelham）17431754辉格党 4 纽卡斯尔公爵（Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle） 17541756辉格党 5 德文郡公爵（William Ca

8、vendish, Duke of Devonshire） 17561757辉格党,乔治一世和乔治二世时期,乔治三世时期,6 纽卡斯尔公爵（Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle） 17571762辉格党 7 比特伯爵（John Stuart, Earl of Bute） 17621763托利党 8 乔治格兰维尔（George Grenville）17631765辉格党 9 白金汉侯爵（Charles Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham） 17651766辉格党 10 查塔姆伯爵（William Pitt ，Earl of

9、Chatham）17661768 辉格党,11 格拉夫顿公爵（Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton） 17681770辉格党 12 诺斯勋爵（Lord North）17701782托利党 13 白金汉侯爵（Charles Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham） 1782辉格党 14 谢尔本伯爵（William Petty,Earl of Shelburne）17821783 辉格党 15 波特兰公爵（William Bentinck, Duke of Portland） 1783 托利党/福克斯-诺斯联合内阁,16 威廉皮

10、特小皮特（William Pitt）17831801托利党 17 亨利埃丁顿（Henry Addington）18011804托利党 18 威廉皮特小皮特（William Pitt）18041806托利党 19 格伦维尔勋爵（William Wyndam Grenville, Lord Grenville）18061807辉格党联合内阁 20 波特兰公爵（William Bentinck, Duke of Portland） 18071809托利党 21 斯潘塞帕西瓦尔（Spencer Perceval）18091812托利党,乔治四世时期,22 利物浦伯爵（Robert Banks Jenk

11、inson, Earl of Liverpool）18121827托利党 23 乔治坎宁（George Canning）1827 托利党 24 戈德里奇子爵（Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich）18271828托利党 25 威灵顿公爵（Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington）18281830托利党,威廉四世时期,26 格雷伯爵（Earl Grey）18301834辉格党 27 墨尔本子爵（William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne）1834辉格党 28 威灵顿公爵（Arthur Wellesley,

12、 Duke of Wellington）1834保守党 29 罗伯特皮尔爵士（Robert Peel）18341835保守党 30 墨尔本子爵（William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne）18351841辉格党,维多利亚女王时期,31 罗伯特皮尔爵士（Robert Peel）18411846保守党 32 约翰罗素勋爵（Earl Russell）18461851辉格党 33 德比伯爵（Earl of Derby）1852保守党 34 阿伯丁伯爵（Earl of Aberdeen）18521855 Peelite/联合内阁 35 帕尔姆斯顿子爵（Viscount Palmer

13、ston）18551858辉格党,36 德比伯爵（Earl of Derby）18581859保守党 37 帕尔姆斯顿子爵（Viscount Palmerston）18591865自由党 38 约翰罗素勋爵（Earl Russell）18651866自由党 39 德比伯爵（Earl of Derby）18661868保守党 40 本杰明迪斯雷利（Benjamin Disraeli）1868保守党,41 威廉格莱斯顿（William Ewart Gladstone）18681874自由党 42 本杰明迪斯雷利（Benjamin Disraeli）18741880保守党 43 威廉格莱斯顿（Wil

14、liam Ewart Gladstone）18801885自由党 44 索尔兹伯里侯爵（Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury）18851886 保守党 45 威廉格莱斯顿（William Ewart Gladstone）1886自由党,46 索尔兹伯里侯爵（Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury）18861892 保守党 47 威廉格莱斯顿（William Ewart Gladstone）18921894自由党 48 罗斯贝利伯爵（Earl of Rosebery）18941895自由党 49

15、 索尔兹伯里侯爵（Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury）18951902 保守党,爱德华七世时期,50 亚瑟贝尔福（Arthur James Balfour）19021905保守党 51亨利坎贝尔班内南爵士（Henry Campbell-Bannerman）19051908自由党,两次大战时期,52 赫伯特亨利阿斯奎斯（Herbert Henry Asquith）19081916自由党 53 大卫劳合乔治（David Lloyd George）19161922联合内阁 54 安德鲁伯纳尔劳（Andrew Bonar Law）19221923保

16、守党 55 斯坦利鲍德温（Stanley Baldwin）19231924保守党 56 拉姆赛麦克唐纳（James Ramsay MacDonald）1924工党,57 斯坦利鲍德温（Stanley Baldwin）19241929保守党 58 拉姆赛麦克唐纳（James Ramsay MacDonald）19291935 工党/国民内阁 59 斯坦利鲍德温（Stanley Baldwin）19351937 保守党/国民内阁 60 尼维尔张伯伦（Arthur Neville Chamberlain）19371940 保守党/国民内阁 61 温斯顿丘吉尔（Winston Leonard Spen

17、cer Churchill）19401945 1945保守党/联合内阁过渡政府,伊丽莎白二世时期,62 克莱门特艾德礼（Clement Richard Attlee）19451951工党 63 温斯顿丘吉尔（Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill）19511955保守党 64 安东尼艾登爵士（Anthony Eden）19551957保守党 65 哈罗德麦克米伦（Harold Macmillan）19571963保守党,66 道格拉斯霍姆爵士（Alec Douglas-Home）19631964保守党 67 哈罗德威尔逊（Harold Wilson）19641970

18、工党 68 爱德华希思（Edward Heath）19701974保守党 69 哈罗德威尔逊（Harold Wilson）19741976工党 70 詹姆斯卡拉汉（James Callaghan）19761979工党,71 玛格利特撒切尔（Margaret Thatcher）19791990保守党 72 约翰梅杰（John Major）19901997保守党 73 托尼布莱尔（Tony Blair）19972007工党 74 戈登布朗 (James Gordon Brown) 2007年06月27日 2010年5月11日 工党 75 戴维卡梅伦(David William Donald Cam

19、eron) 2010年05月11日 保守党,第一节 英国地理,Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and I

20、reland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。,Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分,4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britai

21、n. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。,(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the w

22、est of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。,The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50

23、 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至2009年止已有53个成员国。,The Commonwealth,Geographical Features 英国的地理特征,Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It i

24、s separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。,The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。,Rivers and L

25、akes 河流与湖泊,Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。,Lough Neagh is the larges

26、t lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres). 讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。 River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。 Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m） 斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。,Climate 气候,Britains favorable climate 英国

27、有利的气候条件： Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。,The factors influence the climate in Britain: 影响英国气候的

28、因素： 1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer; 环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；,2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in

29、 winter and keeping the temperatures moderate; 一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜； 3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。,Rainfall 降雨量 Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainf

30、all in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。,The People 人口,population distribution 人口分布： Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed.

31、90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (83.8%), the Scottish (8.5 %), the Welsh (4.9 %), the Northern Irish (2.9%) . 英国人口约6094万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（83.8%），苏格兰人（8.5%），威尔士人（4.9%），北爱尔兰人(2.9%) 。,The difference

32、between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish: 英伦三岛民族的祖先： The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁-萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。,The difference in character个性差别： The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers a

33、nd are proud of their past. 威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。 The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly. 苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。,The difference in speech between southern

34、 England and northern England: 英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别： Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually broader than that of southern England. 南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。,The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言

35、及文化保持活力。 Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art. 一年中他们有称之为艺术年会的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺

36、术比赛。,The main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题： The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。,Immigrants: 移民： About three million have come to Bri

37、tain to live and find work since World War II. 自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。,第二节 英国的起源,The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire. 人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，其中最重要的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。,The Celts may o

38、riginally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to Britain in three main waves: the first wave was the Gaels, the second was Britons and the third was Belgae. 凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧，他们入侵英国分三次高潮：第一次是盖尔人；第二次是布立吞人；第三次是比利其人。,Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first ti

39、me in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation. 伟大的罗马将军朱略思，恺撒，于公元前55年第一次入侵英国。将近400年，英国人处于罗马的占领下。,The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrians wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the

40、Clyde. 罗马人修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。一条是哈德良长城，从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔，另一条是链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。,The Romans made use of Britains natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery. 罗马人很好地利用了英国的自然资源，开采铅矿、铁矿和锡矿以及生产陶瓷。,In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they

41、 were three Teutonic tribes. 五世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和安各鲁人不断入侵英国。这是三支日尔曼部落。,These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have given the name of Heptarch. 这七个主要的王国：肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁，麦西亚和诺森薄利亚合称七王国。,At the beginning of ninth century, under their king Egb

42、ert the West Saxons of defeated the Mercies. In 829, Egbert became an overlord of all the England. 九世纪初，在国王埃格伯特的带领下，西撒克逊人打败了麦西亚人。829年，埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。,In 597, pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. Augustine was remarkably successfully in convert

43、ing the king and the nobility. 597年，教皇格里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰，使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，圣奥古斯廷特别成功。,Alferd, king of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes. He is known as the “father of Britain navy”. 威塞克斯的国王阿尔佛雷德非常强大，打败了丹麦人，他以“英国海军之父”闻名于史。,When Ethebreds death left no strong Saxon successor, the W

44、itan chose Canute the Danish leader, as king in 1016. 埃塞尔雷德死后没有留下有实力的撒克逊继承人，于是贤人会议选择了丹麦首领克努特为国王。,King Edward seemed more concerned with building Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state. He was far more Norman than Saxon. 爱德华国王对国事的关心远不及对威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建，他更像诺曼人而非撒克逊人。,Anglo-Saxon England perished with

45、 Harolds death. William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 随着哈罗德德死亡，安各鲁撒克逊人的英国消失了，在威斯敏斯特大教堂，约克大主教加冕威廉为英格兰国王。,The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely establis

46、hed. 诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起来。,第三节 英国的形成,William replaced the witan , the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief. 威廉用由他的土地承租人组成的大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团贤人会议。,The Doomsday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of general survey of England made in

47、 1085, and stated the extent , value, the population, state of cultivation and ownership. 末日审判书完成于1086年，它记录了1085年进行的英国总调查结果。此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。,Williams policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. 威廉对教会的政策是完全控制的同时，赞成它拥有权利。,H

48、enry was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. He took measures to bring the disorders of king Stephen reign to an end. 亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位国王。他采取措施结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时期的混乱局面。,Henry greatly strengthened the Kings Court and extended with its judicial work. He insisted that all clerks charged with criminal off

49、ences should be tried in the Kings Courts instead of in the Bishops Court. 亨利二世大大加强了王室法庭的力量并扩展了司法工作。他坚持被控刑事犯罪的教士都应在国王法庭受审而不是在主教法庭受审。,It was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Tomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. 正是神职人员享有的特权导致了亨利国王和坎特

50、伯雷大主教托马斯贝克特之间的冲突。,Geoffrey Chaucers best known work is the Canterbury Tales which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Tomas Beckets tomb. 杰佛利乔叟的名著坎特伯雷故事集描述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷参观托马斯贝克特坟墓的旅行,The barons charter, or Magna Carta, as it came to be known was presented by a delegation of t

51、heir class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215. 1215年夏天，贵族代表团把他们的宪章后以大宪章闻名递交给国王和他的顾问团们。,A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter, with the right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions. 由24名贵族和伦敦市市长组成的委员会帮助国王执行大

52、宪章，若国王违反规定，他们有权对国王宣战。,Magna Carta（The Great Charter） was a statement of feudal and legal relationship between the crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the power of the king. 大宪章陈述的是国王与贵族间的封建和法律关系，保证了教会自由和限制了王权。,While the king Henry and Prince Edward were

53、 keep in prison, Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the great council to meet at Westminster which developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. 1265年当亨利三世国王和爱德华王子被关入监狱，西蒙德孟福尔在威斯敏斯特召集大议会，大议会发展到后来演变为议会，分为上议院和下议院。,The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English la

54、w and Edward presented his new-born-son to the Welsh people as the Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. 1284年的威尔士法，使威尔士处于英国法律之下，爱德华一世将他新出生的儿子赠与威尔士人民，封他为威尔士王子。此后，该称号一直由该王位的继承人沿用至今。,When Edward claimed the French Crown by the right of his mother Isabella, the French refu

55、sed to recognize the claim because the Salic Law debarred females from the succession. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last a hundred years. 爱德华三世通过他母亲伊莎贝拉的关系宣布继承法国王位，但法国人民拒绝承认，因为萨利法典规定女子不得继承王位，于是在1337年，爱德华对法宣战，战争持续了一百年。,Black Death swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warni

56、ng. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England. 1348年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三分之一到一半的英国人口。,In 1351 the government issued a statute of Laborers which made it a crime for peasant to ask for more wage or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justice o

57、f the Peace. 1351年政府颁布“劳工法令”。规定农民们涨工资的要求或者雇主支付比地方官制定的工资水平高的工资都是犯罪。,Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381, was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. It dealt a telling blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development

58、of capitalism. 尽管1381年的农民起义被血腥镇压了，但在英国历史上留下了深远的影响。它沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路,第四节 过渡时期的英国,The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white. 玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间的战争，以红玫瑰为标志的蓝凯斯特家族和以白

59、玫瑰为标志的约克家族。,In 1455, after Henry hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of Yorks son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward . 1455年，当亨利六世再也没有理由（将国家交给摄政者管理时），战争在约克家族成员和蓝凯斯特家族成员中爆发了。1461年，约克公爵的儿子爱德华战胜成功成为爱德华四世。,On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard and Henry Tudor. 1458年8月22日，玫瑰战争的最后一次战役在理查德三世和亨利都铎之间展开。,The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Pa