0019-4座微型客货两用车设计（离合器及操纵机构设计）【CAD图纸+文档】
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I 4 4座微型客货两用车设计（离合器及操纵机构设计）座微型客货两用车设计（离合器及操纵机构设计）摘 要离合器是直接连接发动机和传动系统中的总成之一.他主要包含主动部分,从动部分,压紧机构和操纵机构等四部分.主动部分,从动部分和压紧机构是保证离合器处于接合状态并能传递动力的基本结构.操作机构是使离合器分离的机构.正是这四部分机构之间相互协调配合,已达到汽车起步时将发动机与传动系平顺地接合,换档式将发动机与传动系分离,减少变速箱内齿轮的冲击.本次设计主要对4微型座客货两用车的离合器进行设计。首先对离合器进行了结构上的设计，此离合器选用的是膜片弹簧推式离合器。结构和方式选定后对此方案进行了计算，主要计算内容如下：摩擦片主要参数的选择膜片弹簧主要参数的选择摩擦片基本参数的优化扭转减振器设计离合器踏板行程及踏板力的计算从动盘总成的设计计算与参数选择关键词：离合器，摩擦片，膜片弹簧，操纵机构车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书II4 MICRO- DUAL-USE CAR DESIGN (CLUTCH AND THE MANIPULATION OF BODY DESIGN) ABSTRACTClutch is directly connected to the engine and transmission system in one of the assembly. He mainly includes part of the initiative, part of the driven, pinched agencies and institutions, such as manipulation of four parts. Part of the initiative, pinched and driven some institutions in the clutch engagement is to ensure that state power and to convey the basic structure. Clutch operation is to separate bodies of the institutions. It is precisely this four-part mutual coordination and cooperation between agencies, have reached the car at the start Engine and transmission system will smooth the joint, transmission and engine-transmission system will be separated to reduce the impact of gear in the gearbox. The design of the four major micro-Block dual-use car the clutch design. First a clutch of structural design, this is the choice of clutch diaphragm spring push-type clutch. Structure and approach selected this option were calculated mainly calculated as follows: Friction main parameters of the choice of films Diaphragm spring main parameters of choice The basic parameters of friction-optimized Reversing the shock absorber design Clutch pedal and the itinerary of the calculation Assembly-driven computing and the design parameters KEY WORD: clutch, friction films, silent spring, the manipulation of body 车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书III目目 录录第一章第一章 绪绪 论论.11.1 选题的目的. .11.2 离合器发展历史.11.3 离合器概述.21.3.1 离合器的功用.31.3.2 现代汽车离合器应满足的要求. 31.3.3 离合器工作原理.41.3.4 推式膜片弹簧离合器的优点.51.4 设计的预期成果.5第二章第二章 离合器的结构设计离合器的结构设计.72.1 离合器结构选择与论证.72.1.1 摩擦片的选择.72.1.2 压紧弹簧布置形式的选择.72.1.3 压盘的驱动方式.82.1.4 分离杠杆、分离轴承.82.1.5 离合器的散热通风.92.1.6 从动盘总成.92.2 离合器结构设计的要点.102.3 离合器主要零件的设计.112.3.1 从动盘.112.3.2 摩擦片.112.3.3 膜片弹簧. .122.3.4 压盘.122.3.5 离合器盖.122.4 本章小结.13第三章第三章 离合器的设计计算及说明离合器的设计计算及说明.143.1 离合器设计所需数据.143.2 摩擦片主要参数的选择.14车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书车辆与动力工程学院毕业说明书IV3.2.1 后备系数 .143.2.2 摩擦片的外径.153.2.3 摩擦片的摩擦因数.163.2.4 单位压力.160P3.3 摩擦片基本参数的优化.173.4 膜片弹簧主要参数的选择.193.4.1 比较 H/h 的选择.193.4.2 R/r 选择.203.4.3 圆锥底角.203.4.4 切槽宽度.203.4.5 压盘加载点半径和支承环加载点半径的确定. .203.4.6 公差与精度.203.5 扭转减振器设计.203.6 减震弹簧设计.213.7 操纵机构形式选择.233.8 离合器踏板行程计算.243.9 踏板力的计算.253.10 从动盘总成.263.10.1 从动盘的结构组成与选型. .263.10.2 从动盘总成设计.263.11 本章小节.33第四章第四章 结论结论.34参考文献参考文献.35致谢致谢.36THE RESEARCH AND DESIGN USING CAD SYSTEM FOR THE CLUTCH OF AUTOMOBILEClutch is used to transfer and switch of the powers which are coming from the engine. In automobile, clutch is connected with engine and derailleur. It can shut of and stably transfer the power between them. How to reasonably, efectively and speedily design clutch always is the pursuing destination of all clutch factories. The appearance of CAD which is the abbreviation of computer aided design make it possible. Automobile CAD is the forerunner of CAD all the times. CAD is fist used in automotive industry and become more and more indivisible with CAM, CAE and CAP furthermore, integration is becoming to reality. Researching how to use computer to aid us design the automobile clutch and how to develop a useful and advanced automobile clutch computer aided design system-abbreviation is ACCAD that can make a steady system framework for automobile cultch integrated design and manufacture system. are the destination of this thesis. ACCAD system should firstly be able to aid engineer design clutch, secondly to aid engineer analyze the designed clutch, finally to organize and manage the data of design. From the long-term consideration it should also be able to aid workshop manufacture clutch and help manager supervise all the lifecycle of clutch. So it should have a core which can integrate all these subsystem. Engineering database (EDB) is just for this use and Using EDB to construct CIMS become an inevitable current. In order to expand ACCAD and realize clutch CIMS in the future ACCAD system also need EDB as the core to integrate each design and management subsystem into a whole system. At the third chapter of this thesis the technology of EDB and how to design automobile clutch EDB are researched and automobile clutch EDB is set up according to the framework of entire database, project database and design database. The traditional procedures of the design of automobile clutch are: selecting storing coeficient, designing clutch structure type, friction flat, clutch sketch, assembled module and each part of clutch. In our country, all these procedure are handmade, but in the coming years with the application of computer aided drawing software such as AutoCAD of AutoDesk corp. engineering drawing can basically be done by computer. But the depicting capability of this two-dimension engineering drawing module is so deficient that it can only be used as drawings and cant be used to analyze by computer. Along with the appearance of B-P modeling and curve-based or solid-based modeling, mechanic parts are denoted by three-dimension module which can beter aid engineer design and analyze them. But this module loses parts of the whole information of them, so it results in much dificulty to integrate aided design subsystem, aided manufacture subsystem and computer analyzing subsystem. Feature-based modeling can just make up this shortcoming, and also if it combines with parameter design technology it can enhance the capability not only of depicting but also of fast amending. At the forth chapter of this thesis the technology of feature-based is researched and the parametric feature-based solid models are created upon MDT that is belonging to AutoDesk corporation. In order to aided engineers to design clutch faster computer is used to simulate engineers to use variant design technology to design clutch products that are based on original models. Variant design technology has some intelligence. Intelligent CAD is a direction of developing CAD. At the fifth chapter of this thesis the technology of variant design is researched and variant design of automobile clutch is achieved on MDT by the technology of parameter table-driven and feature restrained Besides some degree of integrity and intelligence ACCAD system should have some degree of automation, that is to say that ACCAD can automatically design clutch according to primitive design requests, analyze, check and optimize some basic parameters of clutch. At the sixth chapter of this thesis the combining model of clutch is analyzed, some formulas of designing and calculating basic parameter are deduced, the working instances of diaphragm spring are analyzed and the characters of load-distortion and stress-strain are calculated simulatively by the formulas of A-L which are approbatory internationally nowadays. The optimizations of some basic parameters and diaphragm spring are carried out by multi-body arithmetic in which design destinations, design restrictions and the primitive value of design variables can be changed according to real demands. Instances deduction and design templates are used to design the model of each part of clutch and all these models are assembled automatically after that basic parameters and structure type are completed according to primitive design demands. The design templates are deduced in existing design instance of clutch product by inteligent instance-deducing technology. Then designers can mend and to-and-fro design them till they can meet the design demands. So computer aided function and mans initiative can be fully enlarged, automatic design and mutual design are combined indeed .It needs not only much knowledge of automobile clutch design and CAD but also much high lever of software design and computer application to really realize such a complicate and advanced ACCAD system. So I also researched the method of object-oriented and the operation system of Windows and study many sorts of program design language. The theory of software engineering is used to analyze ACCAD system in requirement, function structure, flow chart, project design and module design. The software developing tools of Visual Basic and Visual C+ are used to design and implement the ACCAD system. Yi-Dong clutch corporation have applied it to design clutch. Practice proves that the ACCAD system can aid designers to design clutch well, remarkably improve the ability of clutch product design, greatly shorten the design cycle and also it has very high stability and extensibility.INVESTIGATION TO DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OFVEHICLE AMT CLUTCHES DURING ENGAGEMENTChina Automotive Parts enterprises face more and more pressure and challenge with China joining WTO.The global Automotive and Parts MNC are gradually entering the lastly and largest potential market of the world.The local automotive industry especially parts is not so good as MNC no matter in scale, capital capacity, products technical level and marketing level.So in order the to exist,the local automotive parts enterprises must improve themselves as quickly as possible in some the fields. One of the important reasons for this risk is the slow Product Engineering with low technical content.It is caused by several reasons that are outdated engineering method，insufficient working experiences，low quality of the working people and the outdated methodology of product Engineering，and the last one is the most important reason.In comparison with hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), Automatic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) has advantages of much lower cost in manufacturing and easier installation in driveline system .This means that there exists a vast potential market for development of such a mechatronical technology. As an important functional module in AMT vehicles, however, the automatic clutches developed by far still have some shortcomings, for example, of road startup failure, considerable shock, unstable shifting, friction-caused service life reduction, and time-delay response. The key concern is therefore concentrated in this dissertation on real implementation of optimal transient responses and control laws during engagement of the clutches, and detailed investigations are made both in theory and experiment. Strong nonlinearities exist in such component systems as engine, clutch membrane spring and servo actuator and consequently dificulties are encountered in design of the optimal control for improving transient responses of the automatic clutch. A system synthesis is proposed herein for the study of nonlinear dynamics and control of AMT automatic clutches. Based on principles of automotive powertrain systems, the main system under consideration can be decomposed into two sub-systems, engine and transmission systems. The Popov super stability theory has adopted for the first time in association with reference, model following adaptive control for the engine. monitoring. The engine monitor requires accurate predictions of rational velocities. A prediction model is constructed on the basis of flat neural network A fast recursive algorithm is used To improve the learning speed by forgetting factor. Accordingly, the present neural network algorithm leads to considerable reduction of efort in network weighting matrix as wel as increase of self-learning and adaptability of neural network algorithms to nonlinear and nonstationary systems. It has been shown by comparison of the numerical results with experiments that the modified algorithm is proved to be reliable and efective in the engine condition monitoring. In modeling the system, the load-deflection relationship of the clutch membrane spring is generally treated as a black box, and as a result many advanced control methods can not be applied. A new approach for the black box is required nevertheless in development of the accurate model. The nonlinear relationship is mathematically derived out for the clutch system during engagement and a further progress is thus made to certain extent for the Almen-Lazslo method. By matching control inputs of the two subsystems, a synthetically optimal performance of the system can be achieved. It can be seen that by the system synthesis, not only the design of a feedback controller is accommodated according to longitudinal dynamic requirements of the whole vehicle, but an efective procedure is established for solving problems of time-delay and inaccuracy due to the use of the analysis method of upper-lower layers. Diferential geometry provides a powerful tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems. With consideration of the automatic clutch which is a typical afine nonlinear system, the diferential manifold and corresponding a companion form to the original system with nonlinearities can be constructed by using feedback linearization approach. It is demonstrated by simulations and experiments that this method simplifies the design of the controller, and is of practical significance for real engineering applications. In this dissertation, operator and its transform in frequency domain are introduced for the first time into the field of automotive electronics technology. In comparison with the conventional z operator, digital iterations of operator are featured by higher precision and more stability while sample time T -4 0.The nonlinear sliding mode controller is taken as an example, the implementation form of operator discretization control, the error analysis and the algorithms stability are studied both theoty and engineering application. In high frequency sampling systems the approach has advantages in industrial applications and enriches its new fields of application, especially in vehicle eletronics. Based upon the minimum value principle, a multi-objective optimal control is applied to derive out for the first time the optimal response in analytical form by compromising longitudinal shock and plane slipage of the automatic clutch related with each other in the transmission sub-systems. The real significance of the synthetic optimal control lies in expression of the theoretical optimal performance. For preventing the control system from system uncertainties and external perturbations the robust sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the system to trace the optimal trajectory. Since dynamic properties of the sliding mode is invariant to extraneous disturbance, the SMC method may apply for A kind of complicated systems with nonlinearities and uncertainties like the automatic clutch. It is shown through numerical simulations that errors of the SMC in reference model following are far less than the PID controler whenever the damping orifice flux coeficient of an on-of solenoid, the frictional plate wear qualilty, friction coeficient and the driveline elastic coeficient may be deviated in a permissible range, respectively. Hence, the present work possesses of significant value in engineering application. As an important part of the dissertation, the virtual mechanical prototyping and real on-vehicle experiments for the automatic clutch system are made, respectively. The virtual machine is modeled in ADAMS software and verified by real vehicle experiments. Therefore, through comparison of the virtual experiments within ADAMS environment with theoretical predictions for transient responses of the clutch during engagement, reliable and efective instructions are provided for design of the hydraulic actuator and PC controller required in real vehicle experiments. The control apparatus for automatic clutch Include sensors, microcomputer and their interfaces. All experiments are carried out on the Santana LX car, and much atention is focused to typical dificult working conditions, such as small throtle angle, heavy load, high gear and steep ramp. It is shown by the results obtained from the experiments that fairly good transient responses during the clutch engagement are achieved. By the control strategies presented in this dissertation, the engine is prevented from flameout, moreover, vehicle startup and gear shift smoothly can be adjusted with short friction duration and quick response of the actuator. All these mean that the adaptability for subjective will, time varying driving conditions of vehicle and complicated surroundings. In a word, on the basic of theoretical research and control technology, the performance of AMT automatic clutch is improved markedly, moreover, the apparatus for experiments establishes a massy foundation for future product development. 汽车离合器汽车离合器 CADCAD 系统的研究与设计系统的研究与设计离合器是用来传递和切断从发动机传来的动力的一种机构。在汽车上， 它和发动机的飞轮相连接，切断和平稳地实现发动机和变速器之间的动力传递。如何合理、高效、快捷地设计离合器一直是国内外离合器厂家追求的目标，CAD (Computer Aided Design)的诞生将此希望变为可能。汽车 CAD 一直是 CAD 技术的先驱，CAD 技术最先是应用在汽车工业上，而且与 CAM. CAE 和 CAPP 越来越不可分割，集成化正成为现实。研究如何应用计算机来辅助设计汽车离合器，以及如何设计开发出一个实用的、先进的汽车离合器 CAD 系统 简称 ACCAD (Automotive Clutch CAD)，为实现汽车离合器集成设计制造系统打下一个坚实的系统框架，正是本文的目的。 汽车离合器 CAD 系统首先必须能够辅助工程设计人员设计离合器、其次能够辅助设计人员分析设计的离合器、最后还能够很好的组织和管理设计过程中的数据。从长远考虑它还应该能够辅助生产车间制造新产品、管理人员管理整个产品的生命周期，所以必须有一个核心能够将这些子系统集成在一起。工程数据库正是在这种需求下诞生的，以工程数据库为核心构建 CIMS 已成了必然的趋势。为今后汽车离合器 CAD 系统的扩充和发展，以及逐步实现 CIMS 创建一个坚实的框架，ACCAD 系统同样也需要以工程数据库为核心将个设计和管理子系统集成为一个整体。本文第三章对工程数据库技术进行研究，并对汽车离合器 CAD 系统的工程数据库设计进行了讨论，按全局库、项目库和设计库的组织结构创建了汽车离合器工程数据库。 传统的汽车离合器设计基本上是选择后备系数、离合器型式、设计摩擦片、设计草图、设计装配总成、设计各零件。在国内，这些过程基本上都是人工进行的，但近些年来，随着计算机辅助绘图软件如 AutoDesk 公司的 AutoCAD 的应用，工程图的绘制基本上可在计算机上进行。用这种二维工程图的模型，计算机只能辅助工程设计人员绘制工程图纸，无法对零部件进行分析，这种模型描述能力低下。随着线框建模技术、基于曲面或实体建模技术的出现，零部件在计算机中将以三维的方式表示，它能够很好地辅助工程设计人员设计和分析零部件。但这种模型缺乏对产品零部件信息的完整描述， 从而导致计算机辅助设计系统、制造系统和分析系统集成困难。特征建模技术正好能够弥补这种缺陷，而将特征建模技术和参数化建模技术结合起来则既能提高产品模型的描述能力又能够提高产品模型的快速修改能力。本文第四章对参数化特征建模技术进行研究，并用参数化特征建模技术在 AutoDesk 公司的 Mechanical Desktop(简称 MDT)软件上对汽车离合器零部件建立了产品模型。 为使汽车离合器 CAD 系统辅助设计人员更快地开发离合器新产品，让计算机模拟工程设计人员根据原有的产品模型进行变型设计是 CAD 系统智能化的一个表现。智能 CAD 是 CAD 的一个发展方向。本文的第五章对变型设计技术进行了研究，并应用参数表驱动和特征抑制技术在 MDT 上实现了汽车离合器零部件的智能化变型设计。 汽车离合器 CAD 系统除了具有一定的集成化和智能化之外还应该具有一定的自动化，也就是说系统能够根据设计要求自动地设计离合器、并对离合器的一些基本参数和零部件进行校核分析和优化。本文的第六章对离合器的结合模型进行了分析，推导出了一些基本参数设计计算公式;对膜片弹簧的工作情况进行了分析，运用当前国际上比较认可的 A-L 法对膜片弹簧的载荷变形特性和应力应变特性进行了仿真计算。汽车离合器基本参数优化和膜片弹簧的优化均采用复合形优化算法，其中设计目标、设计约束和设计变量的初始值，设计人员可以根据实际要求改变。根据设计和优化了的离合器的基本参数、离合器的型式、初始条件，采用实例推理法和设计模板法初步设计离合器的各零部件，并自动将其装配起来，形成离合器零部件及装配模型的设计模板。设计模板是通过智能化实例推理技术从现有的实例中推理而来， 然后用户则在此基础上采用交互的方式逐步改进、往复设计，直到满足设计要求为止。因此这样既发挥了计算机的辅助作用，也充分地扩展了人的主动地位，真正地实现了自动化设计和交互式设计相结合。 如何真正地实现如此复杂和先进的汽车离合器 CAD 系统，这不仅需要许多的汽车离合器设计和 CAD 方面的专业知识，更需要很高的计算机软件设计和计算机应用水平。本人还对面向对象的程序设计方法和当前的 Windows 操作系统进行了研究，学习了多种程序设计语言和一些软件开发工具。运用软件工程的理论对ACCAD 系统进行了需求分析、功能结构分析、流程图分析、方案设计、
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