加工XK715-C1060主轴箱体的组合机床的总体设计及主轴箱设计含5张CAD图
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外文资料Chinas machinery automation technology development roadAutomation technology in this century has been extremely rapid development and impact of one of the great science and technology. Modern automation technology is a completely new kind of productivity, create social wealth is a direct one of the major means of human activities and the production of material plays a great role in promoting. Therefore, automation technology by the extensive attention of all countries in the world and more and more applications.Machinery automation, mainly in machine manufacturing industry in the application of automation technology, to achieve the targets of processing for automated production, the optimal and effective automated production process, production inputs to accelerate the processing speed of transformation and mobility. Machinery automation technology and application development, technological transformation is the mechanical manufacturing industry, the primary means of technological progress and technological development, the main direction. Machinery automation technology standards, not only affect the development of the whole machinery industry, but also for national economic departments of the great technological progress has a direct impact on. Therefore, the development of Chinas machinery manufacturing automation technology, in line with the basic principles of socialism in our country, in line with Chinas laws governing the development of modern production. How the development of Chinas machinery automation technology, there are technical policy issues, should seek truth from facts, all from Chinas specific national condition, to fulfill all the basic work, taking Chinas machinery automation technology development.1. Combination of Chinas national conditions, the development of modern machinery automation technologyDomestic and foreign industrial development history tells us that the realization of automated machinery is a junior to senior, from simple to complex, from imperfect to improve the process of development. When the operation of automatic machine controller, the mode of production to gradually transition from mechanization to mechanical control automation,digital control automation, computer-controlled automation. Only by establishing an automated factory, the production process can be completely automated, can improve the overall productivity, to automate the senior ideal stage.2. with the actual production, focus on practical development of machinery automation technology.Advanced manufacturing technology is the essence of all applications. The development of machinery automation technology, enterprises should be the production and technological development and the actual needs of specific conditions as a guide. Only the right products in line with the use of automated production, to receive a good social and economic benefits and cost-effective technology. Chinas development machinery automation technology, in combination with reality, focus on practical, that is a real benefit to the national economy.3. Development of less investment and quick, low-cost automation technologyThe development of low-cost automation technology, great potential, broad prospects for investment and quick to raise the degree of automation, can receive the economic multiplier effect for our countrys development needs and national conditions.Foreign low-cost development of machinery manufacturing automation technology experience is useful. Chinas machinery manufacturing enterprises have a great deal of common equipment, machinery automation in the development of modern technology, if the original equipment-based, rationally adjust the machine layout, add a small amount of CNC equipment, the introduction of CAD / CAM technology, give full play to computer Management of the advantages of automation and human creativity, together constitute a people-centred, as the guide to information automation, and establish autonomous unit of production systems for Chinas machinery manufacturing automation technology application development has provided a small investment, quick, effective , In line with Chinas national conditions of the machinery automation technology, new ways of development.4. basis do a good job, pay attention to supporting the development of machinery automation technologyModern automation technology in the manufacture of machinery is in control theory, under the guidance of the production logistics and the role of a comprehensive study, involving machinery technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control theory and computer technology. The development of machinery automation technology, must be the main concern electronics, computer technology, machine tool parts detection and automated loading, widely used procedures CNC machine tools, and the development of efficient and reliable automated production lines, used in the production of computer information systems and automation Control systems. The development of applications for machine automation technology, automation technology solid grasp of the basic work of the project and proceed from reality in the promotion and application of work, it is necessary to the development of host, but also supporting the development of components and automated control systems. Programmable logic controller, the microprocessor, various sensors, the new tool, control systems and system software, computers and other electronic machinery automation in the future will be the main technical basis.To sum up, Chinas machinery manufacturing development of automation technology, not only to the high starting point, aimed at advanced world standards, including the international field has showed Fengmang some of the new technology, and must include flexible low-cost, quick Automation technology, adhere to and improve the integration of the universal principle of Chinas machinery automation technology to the healthy development of applications on high-speed, high-quality and cost-effective way. No one in China to complete the plant will probably not the main machinery manufacturing development model nor the machinery automation technology, the development of applications for urgent matter. This is Chinas machinery automation technology development.中文翻译：中国的机械自动化技术发展之路自动化技术是本世纪以来发展极迅速和影响极大的科学技术之一。现代自动化技术是一种完全新型的生产力，是直接创造社会财富的主要手段之一，对人类的生产活动和物质文明起着极大的推动作用。因此，自动化技术受到世界各国的广泛重视和越来越多的应用。 机械自动化，主要指在机械制造业中应用自动化技术，实现加工对象的连续自动生产，实现优化有效的自动生产过程，加快生产投入物的加工变换和流动速度。机械自动化技术的应用与发展，是机械制造业技术改造、技术进步的主要手段和技术发展的主要方向。机械自动化的技术水准，不仅影响整个机械制造业的发展，而且对国民经济各部门的技术进步有很大的直接影响。因此，发展我国的机械制造业自动化技术，符合我国社会主义的基本原则，符合我国现代生产的发展规律。 如何发展我国的机械自动化技术，这里有个技术政策问题，应实事求是，一切从我国的具体国情出发，做好各项基础工作，走中国的机械自动化技术发展之路。 1.结合我国国情，发展现代机械自动化技术 国内外的工业发展史告诉我们，实现机械自动化是一个由低级到高级、由简单到复杂、由不完善到完善的发展过程。当机器的操作采用自动控制器后，生产方式才从机械化逐步过渡到机械控制（传统）自动化、数字控制自动化、计算机控制自动化。只有建立了自动化工厂后，生产过程才能全盘自动化，才能使生产率全面提高，达到自动化的高级理想阶段。 2.结合生产实际，注重实用发展机械自动化技术 先进制造技术的全部真谛在于应用。发展机械自动化技术，应以企业的生产和技术发展的实际需要及具体条件为导向。只有对合适的产品采用与之相适应的自动化方式进行生产，才能收到良好的技术经济效益和社会经济效益。我国发展机械自动化技术，应结合实际，注重实用，即对国民经济产生实际效益。 3.发展投资少、见效快的低成本自动化技术 发展低成本自动化技术，潜力大，前景广，投资省，见效快，提高自动化程度，可以收到事半功倍的经济效果，适合我国现阶段的发展需要和国情。借鉴国外发展机械制造业低成本自动化技术的经验是有益的。我国机械制造业各企业有大量的通用设备，在发展现代机械自动化技术时，若以原有的设备为主，合理调整机床布局，添加少量的数控设备，引入CADCAM技术，充分发挥计算机自动化管理的优势和人的创造性，共同构成一个以人为中心、以信息自动化为先导、树立自主的单元化生产系统，为我国机械制造业自动化技术发展应用提供了一条投资少、见效快、效益高、符合我国国情的机械自动化技术发展应用新途径。 4.抓好基础，注重配套发展机械自动化技术 现代自动化技术在机械制造中的应用就是在控制理论的指导下，对生产的物流和人的作用进行综合的研究，涉及到机械技术、微电子技术、自动控制理论和计算机技术等。发展机械自动化技术，必须主要地关注电子学、电子计算机技术、零件检测和机床装料自动化，广泛采用程序数控机床，以及研制高效的和可靠的自动化生产线、计算机应用于生产的信息系统和自动化控制系统等。发展应用机械自动化技术，要扎扎实实地抓好自动化技术应用项目的基础工作和从实际出发的推广应用工作，既要发展主机，也要配套发展自动化元件及控制系统。可编程控制器、微处理机、各种传感器、新型刀具、控制系统及系统软件、电子计算机等将是今后机械自动化的主要技术基础。 综上所述，我国机械制造业发展应用自动化技术，不但要起点高，瞄准世界先进水准，包括国际领域内已展露锋芒的某些新技术，而且必须包括各种灵活的低成本、见效快的自动化技术，坚持提高与普及相结合的方针，我国的机械自动化技术发展应用才能健康地走上高速度、高质量和高效益之路。在我国完成无人化的工厂将恐怕不是机械制造业的主要发展模式，也不是机械自动化技术发展应用当务之急的事。这就是中国的机械自动化技术发展之路。JIGS AND FIXTURESINTRLDUCTIONIt has already been stated that the workpiece must be located relative to the cutting tool , and be secured in that position .After the workpiece has been markec out ,it is still necessary to position it with respect to the machine morement,and to clamp it in that positon before machining is started.When several identical sorkpieces are to prlduced the need to mark out each part is eliminatde by the use of jigs and fixtures,but if a casting or forging is involved ,a trial oorkpiece is markec out ,to ensure that the workpiece can be produced from it ,and to ensure that ribs, cores, etc. have not become misplaced.Jigs amd fixtures are alike in that they both incorporate devices to ensure that the workpiece is correctly bocated amd clamped, but they differ in that jigs incorpoorate means of tool guiding during the actual cutting operationj, and fixture do not . In practice, the only cutting tools that can be guided while actually cutting are drills, reamers, and similar cutters; and to figs are associated with drilling operations, and fixtures with all other operations. Fixtures may incorporate means of setting the cutting tools relative to the location system.The advantage of jigs and fixtures can be summarized as follows:1) marking out and other measuring and setting out methods are eliminated;2) unskilled worked may proceed confidently and quickly in the knowledge that the workpiece can be positionde correctly, and the tools guided or set;3) The assembly of parts is facilitated,since all components will be identical within small limits , and reyingand filling of work is eliminated;4) the parts will be intrechangeable ,and if the product is sold over a wide area, the problem of spare parts will be simplified;Bolt holes often have 1.5mm of even 3.0mm clearance for the bolt , and the reader may doubt the necessity of making precision jigs for such work. It must be rememgered that the jigs, once made, will be used on many components, and the estra cost of an accurately made jig is spread orer a large output, Furthermore,it is surprising how small errors accumulate in s mechanism during its assembly, When a clearance is specified, it is beteer to ensure its observance, rather than to allow careless marking our and machining to encroach upon it.1) The location of workpeece.Fig,10.1 represents a body that is completely freeing space, in this condition it has six degrees of freedon. Consider these freedons with respect to the three mutually perpendicular axes XX, YY, and ZZ. The body can move along any of these axes; it therefore has three freedoms of translation. It can also rotate about any of the three axes; it bherefore has three freedoms of rotation. The total number of freedoms is six. When work is located, as many of these freedoms as possible must be eliminated ,to ensure that the operation is performed with the required accuracy. Accuracy is ensured by machining suitable location features as early as possible, and using them for all location unless other considerations mean that other location features must be used. If it is necessary, the new location features must be machined as a result of lication from the former location features.2) The clampoing of the workpiece, The clamping system must be such that the workpiece is held against the cutting forces, and the clamping forces must not be so great as to cause the workpiece to become distorted or damaged. The workpiece must be supported beneath the point of clamping, to ensure that the forces are taken by the main frame of the fig or fixture, and on to the machine table andbed. When jigs and fixtures are designed, the claming system is designed to ensure that the correct clamping force is applied, and that the clamps can be oprated quickly but with asfety.DEFINTION OF A DRILL JIG A drill jig is a device for ensuring that a hole to be drilled, tapped, or reamed in a workpiece will be machined in the proper place, Basically it consists of clamping device to hold the part in position under hardened-steel bushings through which the drill passes during the drilling operation、The drill is guided by the bushings. If the workpiece is held by the jig, and the jig is arranged so that the workpiece can be quickly inserted and as quickly removed after the machining ooperation is performed.Jigs make it possible to drill, ream, and tap holes at much greater speeds and with greater accuracy than when the boles are produced by conventional hand methods. Another advantage is that skilled workers are not required when jigs are used. Responsibility for the accturacy of hole location is taken from the operator and given to the jig The term jig should be used only for devices employed while drilling, reaming, tapping holes, It is not fastened to machine on which it is used and my be moved around on the table of the drilling machine to bring each bushing directly under the drill. Jigs physically limit and control the path of the cutting tool.If the operation includes machining operations like millling, planning, shaping, turning, etc.the term fixture should be used, A fixture holds the work during machining operations but dses not contain special arrangements for guiding the cutting tool, as drill figs do.TYPICAL JIGS AND FIXTRRESTypical drill jig, Figure 10.2 illustrates a drilling jig for drilling jig for drilling four holes in the flange of a workpiece that has been completed escept for the four holes. The workpiece has an accurately machined bore, and is located form the bore and the end face, from a cylindrical post. There is no need to control the rotational position bout the axis of the bore, because up to the tine when the holes are drilled, it is symmetrical about that axis The four bushes used to control the drill are held in the drill plate, which, with the hand nut, is used to clamp the workpiece against the base of the fixture, Typical milling fixture, figure 10.3 illustrates a simple milling fixture for milling the slot in the otherwise completed workpiece shown, The workpiece is located from two lf the four hole in its base, and from the underside of the base, The workpiece is clamped in position, and cutter is located against the setting block, which provides setting or cutter position and depth of cut. The fixture must be positioned relative to the machine table, this is done by engaging the two ten
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