2010年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析汇总共10套_1

Ray Shiu 豆丁 /rayshiu2010年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(11到20)题考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十一)Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close。 As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。 But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world。” Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries。 What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it。 26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in Athe use of machines to produce science fiction。 Bthe wide use of machines in manufacturing industry。 Cthe invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work. Dthe elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work. 27. The word “gizmos (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means Aprograms. Bexperts. Cdevices. Dcreatures。 28. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can Afulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。 Binteract with human beings verbally。 Chave a little common sense。 Drespond independently to a changing world。 29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also Amake a few decisions for themselves。 Bdeal with some errors with human intervention。 Cimprove factory environments。 Dcultivate human creativity。 30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are Aexpected to copy human brain in internal structure。 Bable to perceive abnormalities immediately。 Cfar less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。 Dbest used in a controlled environment。名师解析 26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in 人类的创造性最初表现在 Athe use of machines to produce science fiction. 用机器来创作科幻小说。 Bthe wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. 制造业对机器的广泛使用。 Cthe invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work。 发明工具以处理困难和危险的工作。 Dthe elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work。 精英人士对危险和枯燥的工作的巧妙的处理。【答案】 C【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 通过“Human ingenuity”和“initially”可以定位到第一段开始。“从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。”由于讲的是人类最初的创造力，因此可以排除A、B、D。 27. The word “gizmos (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means 单词“gizmos”(第二段第一行)最有可能的意思是 Aprograms. 程序。 Bexperts. 专家。 Cdevices. 设备。 Dcreatures. 生物。【答案】 C【考点】 词义题。【分析】 本题虽然考查的是词义，但是显然不是希望考生通过储备更大的词汇来回答，而是希望考生能够利用文中出现的细节来推断这个单词的意思。第二段第一句的意思说“由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能_，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。”然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的例举和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。相比四个选项，只有C最合适。 28. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can 根据本文，现在超越人类能力范围的是设计一种能_的机器人。 A fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。 完成诸如脑手术这样的精细的工作。 B interact with human beings verbally。 与人类进行口头交流。 C have a little common sense。 有一些常识。 D respond independently to a changing world。 对一个变化的世界独立应付。【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 根据“超越人类能力”这个关键信息，我们可以定位到第三段中“Dave Lavery”的第二句话，即“we cant yet give a robot enoughcommon senseto reliably interact with a dynamic world”。因为该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思，因此我们可以判定答案D是正确的。A文中已经提及。B的例子就是“自动柜员机”。C可以在第三段最后一句“我们不能给他足够的常识”中找到被排除的依据。 29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also 除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能够 Amake a few decisions for themselves。为自己做几个决策。 Bdeal with some errors with human intervention。通过人类干预处理一些错误。 Cimprove factory environments. 改善工厂环境。 Dcultivate human creativity。培养人的创造性。【答案】 B【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 本题要求考生寻找机器人还能够从事什么工作，这就需要对四个选项进行比较。寻找答案。A提到机器人能够为自己做几个决策，通过“decision”这个单词可以定位到第三段第一句话“但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定”，这句话表明，目前机器人还不能独立做一些决定。B的意思符合第三段第三句，“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误”。至于C，文中提到机器人是受环境控制的，而不是反之。D的说法也反了。 30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are 作者使用猴子的例子，为的是说机器人 A expected to copy human brain in internal structure。 被期望复制人脑内部结构。 B able to perceive abnormalities immediately。 能够立即觉察到不正常情况。 C far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。 在聚焦相关信息方面远远不如人类。 D best used in a controlled environment。 最适合在受控环境下使用。【答案】 C【考点】 作者意图题。【分析】 作者最后一段提到“猴子”这个例子，是考查文章最后一段的理解。由于文章举这个例子就是为了说明计算机虽然功能强大，但是仍然无法和人脑的复杂性相比，因为人脑看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速的排除不相干的信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，这一点计算机是做不到的。因此，可以判断C正确难句解析：1. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty。【结构分析】 本句前面是“since”引导的一个时间状语，后面主句中有一个“that”引导的定语从句“that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty”用来修饰“work”。2. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。【结构分析】 本句的主句是“the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos”，后面是两个“whose”引导的定语从句，“but”连接了这两个定语从句。3. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。【结构分析】 本句是一个“there be”结构，“robot systems”后面有一个“that”引导的定语从句，而破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰“submillimeter accuracy”，其中包含一个比较级。4. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd。【结构分析】 本句的主语是“the human mind”，并列谓语“can glimpse”和“disregard”，逗号后面“instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd”是现在分词做状语。全文翻译：从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。这种动力产生了机器人科学一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有创造出科幻小说的机械版本，他们也已经很接近这个目标了。由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能装置，尽管我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏;我们的金融服务在自动柜员机上完成，它们还会机械地、礼貌地感谢我们使用业务;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。多亏了电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行脑部和骨髓手术，准确性精确到亚毫米，远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的常识，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”实际上对真正的人工智能的探索已经产生了各种各样的结果。虽然刚开始在20世纪60和70年代有过一段乐观的时期，那时候看起来晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使它们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后了不是数百年至少也有数十年。在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1,000亿个神经细胞要比以前想象得更聪明，人类的感知也比以前想象得更复杂。他们建造出来的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别一毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能达到这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。时代学 习社区 （http:/bbs.nowxue .com ） 考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十二)If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。 Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor。” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system。 If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural, include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark。 Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor。 21. To make your humor work, you should Atake advantage of different kinds of audience。 Bmake fun of the disorganized people。 Caddress different problems to different people。 Dshow sympathy for your listeners。 22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are Aimpolite to new arrivals。 Bvery conscious of their godlike role。 Centitled to some privileges。 Dvery busy even during lunch hours。 23. It can be inferred from the text that public services Ahave benefited many people。 Bare the focus of public attention。 Care an inappropriate subject for humor。 Dhave often been the laughing stock。 24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered Ain well-worded language。 Bas awkwardly as possible。 Cin exaggerated statements。 Das casually as possible。 25. The best title for the text may be AUse Humor Effectively。 BVarious Kinds of Humor。 CAdd Humor to Speech。 DDifferent Humor Strategies。名师解析 21. To make your humor work, you should 要想让你的幽默奏效，你应该 Atake advantage of different kinds of audience。(充分)利用不同的观众。 Bmake fun of the disorganized people。取笑那些做事混乱的人。 Caddress different problems to different people。和不同的人谈不同的问题。 Dshow sympathy for your listeners。同情你的听众。【答案】 C【考点】 段落主旨题。【分析】 根据题目知道本题考查的是“幽默须知”的内容，定位到第一段。文中说“要使你的听众发笑，你就必须知道如何识别你和他人的共同的经历和问题”，这个就是本题解答的关键。加上第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different。”(你的问题因人而异。)A说利用不同的观众，这个提法中的“利用”词义本身就有侵害客体的含义，让人觉得是在利用别人的弱点，而且和上文提到的“幽默须知”显然不符合。B仅仅是作者例举的一个例子，用来表示如何和别人分享经历。C很好地表达了第一段的主题。D错在其范围被缩小了。 22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are 关于医生的这个笑话表明，在护士眼里，医生 Aimpolite to new arrivals. 对新人不礼貌。 Bvery conscious of their godlike role. 对自己上帝般的作用非常在意。 Centitled to some privileges. 有权获得某些特权。 Dvery busy even during lunch hours. 午饭时也非常繁忙。【答案】 B【考点】 推断题。【分析】 根据本题的题干，定位为第二段，本题讲述了一个经典的护士看待医生的笑话，将上帝比作医生那样表现的傲慢无理。考生应该明白这里实际上是在说医生将自己比作上帝，显得那么傲慢无礼。A只是医生傲慢举止中的一项。B非常恰当，因为它揭示了护士群体眼中的医生那种傲慢的感觉。C认为获得某种特权，是因为没有理解“St.Peter”的话，被“医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面”这个现象误导，享有特权的印象是中性的描述，其实揭示背后所反应的医生的傲慢才是主要目的。D选项显然错误。 23. It can be inferred from the text that public services 从文中可以推断出，公共服务 Ahave benefited many people. 已经造福很多人。 Bare the focus of public attention. 是大众关注的焦点。 Care an inappropriate subject for humor. 是一个不适合做幽默的主题。 Dhave often been the laughing stock。经常是别人的笑料。【答案】 D【考点】 推理题。【分析】 根据公共服务可以定位到第三段最后一句，这句话中提到了“邮局”和“电话”这两个行业。文章说“安全的做法是咬住一些替罪羊比如邮局和电话业，之所以安全是因为这样不会冒犯什么人”。既然是这样，那么肯定大家经常会拿这个“公共服务业”来开玩笑的。因此可以得出结论，即D是正确选项。A和文章的主旨没有关系，这里也推断不出这样的结论。B说是大众关注的焦点，但是这句话没有表现出原文对这两个公共行业的一种戏谑的意味。 24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered 为获得理想的效果，幽默故事的讲述应当 Ain well-worded language. 言词适当。 Bas awkwardly as possible. 尽可能含糊。 Cin exaggerated statements. 夸张。 Das casually as possible. 尽可能随意。【答案】 D【考点】 段落主旨题。【分析】 本文题目问的实际上是幽默故事的讲述方式，可以定位到第四段，它指出幽默要“自然”(natural)，“随意”(casual)，“急兴”(off-the-cut)，“放松”(relaxed)，“舒缓”(unforced)，“缓慢”(slowly)，“轻松”(light-hearted)。只要考生看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易会选择D选项。 25. The best title for the text may be 本文最佳标题或许是 AUse Humor Effectively. 有效使用幽默。 BVarious Kinds of Humor. 各式幽默。 CAdd Humor to Speech. 为演讲添加幽默。 DDifferent Humor Strategies. 不同的幽默策略。【答案】 A【考点】 文章主旨题。【分析】 本题考的是对全文的理解，这样的题目需要对全文的通读和理解。A能够很好地表示在文中作者教会别人怎样有效地使用幽默这样一个事实。而B不合适，是因为本文中并没有谈论幽默的种类。C仅仅讲出了幽默的必要性，但是不能体现出文中教人学会幽默的思想。文章中最后一段也提到不同的幽默策略，但是那仅仅是文章主旨的一小部分。难句解析： 1. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view。【结构分析】 该句的主语是“your humor”，后面有并列的谓语“must be”和“should help to show”，其中后一个谓语的宾语中“them”是间接宾语，加上两个并列的宾语从句做直接宾语：“that you are one of them”和“that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view”。 2. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties。【结构分析】 “if”引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个分句构成的并列句。在第一个分句中有一个定语从句“which are common to all of you”，来修饰“the experiences and problems”，而后面的分句的结构是一个“it is +形容词+for sb. to do sth。”的结构。 3. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark。【结构分析】 本句是由“so”连接的并列句，前是因，后是果。前一分句是一个复合句结构，而后一分句是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是“speak”和“remember”。而“remember”后面是“that”引导的一个很长的宾语从句。 全文翻译： 如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和问题。你的幽默必须和听众有关，应该帮助你向他们显示你是他们当中的一员，你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。根据你谈话对象的不同，问题也有所不同。如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以提及他们秘书的混乱的方法;或者，如果你说话的对象是一群秘书，你就可以评价一下她们没有条理的老板。 这里就有一个这样的例子，是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为所有的听众都对医生有同样的看法。说，有一个人到了天堂，正被圣彼得带着四处参观。他看到了令人惊奇的住所、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。每一个人都很平和、礼貌和友善，直到排队吃午饭的时候，这位新来的人突然被一位身穿白大褂的人推到一旁，只见该人径直挤到了队伍的前头，抓起食物，大摇大摆走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“他有时自以为是名医生。” 如果你是你谈话对象的一部分，你就会了解大伙共同的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅难以下咽的食物或者总裁在领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。而对于其他类型的听众，你就不能试图插嘴地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人诋毁他们的餐厅或总裁。如果你咬住邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就处于更加安全的境地。 如果你在幽默时觉得很尴尬，你就必须进行练习使它变得更自然。加入一些很随便的、显然是即兴的话的同时你就可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来了。常常是表达的方式使听众发笑，因此要说慢一些，并且记住要抬抬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情，这些都会有助于显示你正在说笑话。 寻找幽默，它常常来的出其不意。恶搞一下名言“你要是一开始不成功，不如放弃”，或者是玩文字游戏和戏谑某个场景。寻找夸张用语和打折扣的话。看看你的谈话，挑几个能够倒过来说的词汇和句子，再注入一些幽默。时代学习社 区 （http:/ ） 考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十三)Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term。 Yet there are good reasons to expect the