埃及语的学习的方法.doc

Figurehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhssgrewgsdgsddsrhsshbe Figures of speech (修辞)are wssssssssssays of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lehhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnderghewrhrterh forcsdbfdsabe tsageqrgerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Nosgdeqrgsgrerqqw we are going to talk abssssssssssout some common forms of figures of speech.ssssssssssssssssssssssFigures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转rrr国家“十二五”时期文化改革发展规划纲要提出要加大政府对文化事业建设的投入力度。下列属于政府投入保障政策的是hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh（ ）A支持文化企业在海外投资、投标、营销、参展和宣传等活动B继续完善文化市场的准入政策，吸引社会资本投资文化产业C文化内容创意生产、非sdgvsdagr物质文化遗产项目经营享受税收优惠D通过政府购买服务的方式，鼓励社会力量提供公共文化产品2关于中国共建设问题B遵义会议：纠正“左倾”的军事路线C洛川会议：决定北上抗日的总方针D瓦窑堡会议：确定建立抗日民族统一战线的方针政策3中不少脍炙人口的歌曲。下列歌词均来自这些著名歌曲，其中创作时期与其他三首不同的是（ ）A河西山冈万丈高，河东河北高粱熟了B我们生长在这里，每一寸土地都是我们自己的C每个人被迫着发出最后的吼声D宽广美丽的土地，是我们亲爱的家乡4下列经济指标与xzbdfb衡量对象对应关系正确的是（ ）A赤字率财政风险hhhhhhhhhhhhhB恩格尔系数收入分配差距C基尼系数居民生活水平D生产者5下列不属于收入再分配手段的是（ ）A最低工资保障 B最低生活保障C税收 D社会保险6下列诗句反映的历史事件，按时间先后排序正确的是（ ）北师覆没威海卫，签订条约在马关鸦片带来民族难，销烟虎门海滩前武装起义占三镇，武昌汉口和汉阳rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr喻) (借代)Synecdochsssssssssssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrre（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia （换称）一 Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrmdfhdshake thssssssssssssssssssse comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at leasth of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.1. Simile通常由三部分构dxbdfsbd成：本体（tenor rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrror subfffffffffffffffffffffffject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。eg: My love is like a red rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrd rose. tenor comparative word vehicle2.句型（1）.like型A联系动词（以to be 居多）+likeEg: Living without an aim is like sailing fffffffffffffffffffffffffwithout a compass.生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南dhshfdsh针实意动词+like。They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like water. as 型as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即asas和asso。ffffffffffffffffffffff英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词dbdsb+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如：(as) firm as a rock dhfdshsdf 坚如磐石(as) light as a feather 轻如ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff鸿毛(as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶(as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉(as) strong as a horse hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh 强壮如牛(as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若(as) sober as a judge 十分清醒(as) sure as a gun 千真万确虚拟句型最常见的是as if/though，另外还Eg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrhat the sun is to flowers.明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff花朵的作用。B What X is to Y, A is to B. Eg: What salt is to food, that wit and humour abdfdsbdsbre to conversation and literature.妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。What blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。than型 A home without love is no more than afffffffffffffffffffffffffff body without a soul.没有爱的家无异于一具没有灵魂的躯体。 Man can not help craving for expressivvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvon any more fffffffffffffffffthan birds can help singing.人之不能舒其襟怀，亦犹鸟真理如玫瑰，全 King and bears often worry thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheir keepers.国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。二、Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)Metaphor：(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example, the world is a stage.Metaphor compares two different things身都带刺。by speaking offffffffffffffffffffffffffff one in terms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another. Very frequently a metaphor is inv英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体ffffffffffffffffff现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv名词型最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现dbfdfbbdfrrrrrrrrrr在句子的表语部分。All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women oked by the to be verb: Metaphor is compressed simile(简缩了的明喻)。在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。merely players.整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。动词型The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grffffffffffffffffff食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 形容词型She has a photographic memory for detail.她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。The mountainous waves swallowed ffffffffffffffffffffffup the ship.山一般的巨浪吞没了ffffffff to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血bfdbdb来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并招呼我停下。三、Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Metonymy (转喻) It is a该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。如：What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的the cradle与the grave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形ghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh成了借代关系。：以事物的特征代替事物本身A thousand mustaches can live together, bffffffffffffffffffffffut not figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance,. Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword.four breast.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。以工具代替动作或行为者A hundred bayonets were marchirrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrng down thfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe street.100把刺刀正沿街前进。以容器代替其中内容。Whenever my The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into Chinas pockets.在巴塞罗那举行的第25届奥运会上，游泳项目有4枚金牌、5枚银牌落入了中国队的囊中。And as he pluckd the cursed steel away, 当他拔出ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff那可恶的凶器的时候Mark how the blood of Caesar followed瞧，恺撒的血是怎样跟着它流出来以作者或生产者代替作品或产品vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvThe captainhad fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.船长得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.我们驾驶一地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如：Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷辆福特到海得公园去。以具体事物代替抽象事物Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard.尽管他的计划未获完全成功，但她对他作出的努力表示赞许。以抽象事物代替具体事物dbfdbdfbIn the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr人以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach.她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) 等等。art stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa). A major lesson Americans need to learn is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. Two specific items substituted for the concept of material wealth Give us this day our daily bread. -Matt. 6:11 If you still do not feel wrdfbdsbdbThis program is for the little old lady in Clrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrreveland who cannot afford to pay her heatingThere sits my animal instead of dog guavvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvrding the door to the henhouse. He hurled the barbed weapon instead of harpoon at the whale五、Personification（拟人）Personification: (拟人)It gives human ghjhform of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.懒惰缓慢而行，贫穷迎头赶上。.Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug.酒一从酒壶里溜出来就会大言不惭。.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊要通过赞成素食主ffffffffffffffffffffffff义的决议案也是无济于事的。.Mosquitoes were usi (John Milton)时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv六Antonomasia(换称) Antonomasia (换称) It has also to dojgfjgghjgh with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still infrequent use. 1 The use of an epithet or title in pldbfbdfbface of a name 2The use of a proper name instead of a rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrcommon nounNote: there is a certain degree of overlapping with synecdoche.He is our Gorky. (famous Russian writer for a famous writer.)For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv七Analogy (类比) Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.Analogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea y and probably agree with. Some analogies simply offer an explanation for c continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffmight justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks. -Samuel Johnson ghjgg.For answers successfully arrived at are solutions to difficulties previously discusse larification rather than a substitute argument: Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. -Samuel Johnson The beginning of all evil temptations is inconstancy of mind, and too little trust in God. For as a ship without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so an unstable man, that anon leaveth his good purpose in God, is diversely tempted. The fire provdfbdfbdfeth gold, and temptation proveth the righteous man. -Thomas a Kempis When the matter is complex and the analogy particularly useful for explaining it, the analogy can be extended into a rather long, multiple-point comparison: The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with C of tillage, and pastorage, and makes great use of them in teaching, because people by what they understand arevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv best led to what they understand not. -George Herbert To illustrate one thing by its resemblance to another has been always the most popular and efficacious art of instruction. There is indeed no othrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrer method of teaching that of which anyone is ignorant but by means of something already known; and a mind so enlarged by contemplation and enquiry that it has always many objects within its view will seldom be long without some near and familiar image through which an easy transition may be made to truths more distant and obscure. -Samuel Johnson Figures of Emphasis and UnderstatementEuphemism（委婉）bdfbdfbdfbfbHyperbole（夸张）Understatement（低调陈述）Contrast（对照）ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffAntithesis（平行对照）Parallelism（平行）Repetition（反复）Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）Parody(仿拟) Zeugma(轭式搭配) Allusion（引喻）Irony（反语）Climax（层递）hjghjAnticlimax（突降）一Euphemism（委婉）Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。残疾Disabled（丧失能力的）handicapped（受到障碍的），,inconvenienced（行动不便的）,hard of hearing（听觉困难的），auditory-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“；sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的）visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。衰老 “衰老”的委婉说法Advanced in age（年岁上先行的）past ones prime（已过壮年）feel one age（感觉上了年纪）vvvvdfbdbvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvgolden age（金色岁月）sunset years（日落之年）表示“老人”senior citizen（资深的公民），the longer living（生活经历较长者）。.死亡多达上百条。如，go west（西去），bedfbdfbdfb at rest（安息），be asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr之路），join ones ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe ones last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run ones race（跑完自己的赛程），be ncharms（迷人之处）表示“阴部”、“生殖器”private parts（私处）外，affair空气），ghjghjanswer the call of nature（应付自然dfbdbdfb本能之需）C.性爱“性交Go all the way（走完全程），have relations with（与人有关系），go to bed with（与之共寝），make love（做爱），do it（干那种事）等用于指”；“同居”live together（住在一起）married but not churched（结婚了但未去教堂举行仪式），“谈恋爱”walk out（出去溜达）；“乱搞男女关系”sleep around（到处睡觉）D生育gjgh“怀孕”in the family way（家居打扮的），eating for two（吃双份饭），swallow a watermellon（吞bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb了vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv颗西瓜籽），in trouble（惹上麻烦，指未婚先孕），learn all about diaper folding（学叠尿布），rehearsing lullabies（练唱催眠曲），wear the apron high（围rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr裙高系）。“分娩”be confined（行动受限制），in travail（处于痛苦之中）。有关社会职业、社会问题的委婉语A.职业从事卑微职业者拨高、美化职业:名称本义委婉义Shoetrician鞋靴专家补鞋匠去，实指“对其判重刑”，the book表ghjgj示“法律条文”等）to drop into the bucket（扔进水桶，指“投入监狱”），do time（度过时光，指“服刑”），to walk the last mile（走最后的里程，即“上刑场”）。有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语A.政治DP(=displaced person离乡者，指“难民”),energy release（能量释放，指“核辐射泄露”），eyes only（只准用眼，指“绝密文件”），to misspeak（口误，表示：“出言不慎”或“撒谎”），ongoing situation（持续态势，指“老大难问题），to knock doors（到处敲门，指“游说议员”）。B.经济A revenue gap（岁入差，即“赤字”），slowdown（减速，指“经济衰退”）,cash flow problem（现金流动问题，即“可用现金不足”），adjustment downward（下向调整，指ghjgfj“效益不佳”），income maintenance（维持vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv性收入，即“救济金”），technical adjustment（rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr技术性调整，指“股票市场价格的波动”）。C.军事Air support（空中支持，即“轰炸”），all out strategic exchange（全面战略交火，实际指“世界核大战”），to pacify（绥靖”）Department of Defense（美国国防部，原名为即“作战部”，因有好战之嫌，1947年起换用现名）D.外交destabilization（动摇，指“推翻”或“颠覆”）fffffffffffffffffffffffffffto share ideas（分享观点，指“具有一致看法”）a serious and candid discussion（认真而坦率的bbbbbbbbbbbbb讨论，实际指“双方观点严重对立的会谈”）an underdeveloped nation（低度发达国家，实际指“carriage for you .如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。*以“去给你叫辆车”委婉地下达了逐客令，却礼貌、得体。The boy used to take things withovvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvut permission and has just been out of the rehabilitation home in the country. 那男孩以往常不经允许拿走东西，他刚从乡间的康复中心出来。 *“不经允许拿走东西”实际指“偷窃”，“康复中心”实际是“劳ghjgjh教所”的婉称。He pardoned us off-handrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, and allowed us something to live on till he went the way of all flesh.他轻易地就原谅了我们，并且直到他逝世为止还一直供给我们生活费。Im afraid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side.恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。The reactor began to run out of control “above critical” in the parlance of the nuclear engineer.反应堆开始失控或者用核工程师的话来说：处于临界点之上。*above critical实际为“核反应堆泄露”。政府在处理核事故时用词尤慎，惟恐引起民众恐慌或愤怒。He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire.经过这次灾难，他手头拮据，总是无精打采，身体也不好，时常预言大英帝国不久便会垮台。*作者用委婉语out of pocket 代替poor或bankrupt这类羞于启齿之词，而且与out of spirits 同一结构，相映成趣。二、Hyperbole（夸张）Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.a conscious exaggeration fot the sake of emphasis. Not intended to be understood literallyFor example:a) The wave ran mountain high. b)America larrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrughed with Mark twain. c)His speech brought the house doen. d)All the perfunmes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. ghjj For instance, he almost died laughing.特点是对表达对象(2) He ran down the avenue, making a noise like tefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffn horses at a gallop.例句（1）为一般性描写，而（2）则属夸张性描写，有如临其境、如闻其声 Hyperbole多见于文学作品中，但日vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv常口语里也常有运用。如： Havent seen you for ages. I could sleep for a year. Were all tired to death.英语夸张可分为两类，即扩大夸张( Extend进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。比较：(1) He ran down the avenue, making abbbbbbbbbbbbb loud noise.ed Hyperbole)和缩小夸张(Reduced Hyperbole)。前者将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征的东西说得特别高、特别大；后者正相反，即把描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别低、特别小。比较下列例句可看出两者的特点：His eloquence would 用其他词汇表示除数Till a the seas gang dry,O I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o life shall run. (Rebert Burns)亲爱的，我将永远爱你，直到海水全枯竭，太阳熔化了岩石；亲爱的，我将永远把你爱，只要我还有一息。She has that everlasting rotationrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr of tongue, that an echo must wait till she dies before it can catch her last words. 词外，英语夸张也常借助其他各类词来表ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff示，或用动词，或用名词，或用形容词，灵活多样，并无定式，但不少词汇都有极限意义。A.动词In its wake, budget cuts and food shortages have hit the new nation of Russiaand prices have shot out of this world.随其（指前苏联）解体后，预算缩减和rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr食品短缺已经沉重地打击了俄罗斯这个新生国家而且物价高涨，直冲九霄。vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvWe not only saw but heaghjgjhrd it: the report positively reverberated down the Rhine.我们不仅看见了，而且听见了。这个报告简直响遍了整个莱茵河。B.名词Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。*a crime=a great pity，表示“遗憾之极”。Falstaff: I asw beaten mysely into all the colours of rainbow福斯塔夫：我自己也给他打得五颜六色，浑身挂彩呢C.形容词Everyone bowed, including the抓到她的最后的话。用虚拟语气表示虚拟句式可提出主观假想或非真实条件，所以常用于夸张。A knife could have cut th