[文学]thetrialthatrockedtheworld.ppt

Lesson 4 The Trial that rocked the world,Trial; Rock: to cause great shock and surprise Fundemantalism VS Evolutionism,Sort out Legal terms and structure,Para.1 the counsel for my defense (Line 3) Leading counsel for the prosecution Para. 2 I was involved in a trial (L. 10) to testify on my behalf (L. 11) Para. 3-8 Para. 9 when I was indicted on May 7. (L.40) Para. 10 the trial began (L.50) Para. 11 The presiding judge (L.60) Bryanwas assisted in his prosecution by his son and Tennessees attorney-general (L.62) Para. 12 The judge asked the local minister to open the session and the trial got under way. (L.70) Para. 13. after the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement (L.75) Para. 16 The following day the prosecution began calling witnesses against me. Two of my pupils testified (L.89) Para. 20. After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. Para. 21. Malone popped up to reply. He appealed for intellectual freedom and accused Bryan of calling for a duel (L.121) Para. 25. the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defense (L.130) Para. 26. when the court adjourned(L.132) Para. 29. the trial was resumed (L.145) Para. 30 calling Bryan as a witness for the defense.151 Para.42 The judge adjourned the court Para. 44. The jury were asked to consider their verdict the jurymen retired the verdict was guilty I was fined,Introduction to the trial,trial,After the trial,Trial,test the legality of sth./ to do the just In a court Judge Panel of jury- jurors Defendant Prosecutor Police or the state prosecute Law/ counsel Witness- to testify on ones behalf The defendant is indicted- to charge formally Defend in the court Testify/ call the witness for the defense/ against Adjourn Jury retired Verdict-guilty or innocent conviction.,Part I,Para.1 the counsel for my defense criminal lawyer(Line 3) Leading counsel for the prosecution Silver-tongued orator, nominee, leader, bring about In the packed court Sweltering July day in 1925 Para. 2 I was involved in a trial (L. 10) to testify on my behalf (L. 11)- -distinguished professor reporter on hand Para. 3-8 Para. 9 when I was indicted on May 7. (L.40),The story starts: who, where, when and what,flashback- how come the trial,A buzz,Reported the world over,The first time in history,A reassuring arm,Para.3-8 Flashback,The case had erupted round my head not long after (synecdoche) Erupt: burst forth/out A clash had been built up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. Build up: strengthen; accumulate; increase gradually,synecdoche,Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing 提喻 A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class A container is used to refer to its contents 1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces. 2.Have you any coppers? 3.They share the same roof. 4.He is the Newton of this century.,When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. (metaphor) indict: sb. for a crime: to charge them with it officially e.g. Five men were caught at the scene and indicted. cf: accuse, charge, blame and indict One accuses sb. of cheating. One charges sb. with cheating. One blames sb. for the failure snowball: to increase in scale,P.3-9,adhere to: believe in, follow devotedly literal interpretation: word for word acceptance of what is said in the Bible legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law indict: to charge (someone) formally with an offence in law least of all l: I, less than anyone else No one needs to worry , you least of all. Least of all would I lie to you establish: make (something)recognized officially,Part II: Trial How many days,Para. 10 the trial began (L.50) Para. 11 The presiding judge (L.60) Bryanwas assisted in his prosecution by his son and Tennessees attorney-general (L.62) Para. 12 The judge asked the local minister to open the session and the trial got under way. (L.70) Para. 13. after the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement (L.75) Para. 16 The following day the prosecution began calling witnesses against me. Two of my pupils testified (L.89) Para. 20. After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. Para. 21. Malone popped up to reply. He appealed for intellectual freedom and accused Bryan of calling for a duel (L.121) Para. 25. the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defense (L.130) Para. 26. when the court adjourned(L.132) Para. 29. the trial was resumed (L.145) Para. 30 calling Bryan as a witness for the defense.151 Para.42 The judge adjourned the court Para. 44. The jury were asked to consider their verdict the jurymen retired the verdict was guilty I was fined,By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby, arrived to cheer Bryan against the “infidel outsiders.” Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county. What can you tell from the atmosphere?,sprout : to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly e.g. Buds sprout in spring. Leaves begin sprouting from trees. Stores have sprouted up near the new factories. Bean sprouts are very healthy to eat. rickety: weak in joints and likely to break, esp. structure or furniture not very strong or well made. rickety old man / stairs / cart Rickets: a disease that children can get when their food does not contain enough Vitamin D. It makes their bones soft. evangelist: any one who preaches the Christian gospel, esp. a traveling preacher exhort: urge earnestly by advice, warning, etc. 规劝，劝诫 e.g. Kennedy exhorted his listeners to turn away from violence. exhortations n. infidel: a person who does not accept a particular faith,Compare the two parties of the trial,The counsel for John Scopes defence: Educational background/ Religious background/Racial background: Clarence Darrow: the famous criminal lawyer, well prepared and quite sure of himself (L.13); shrewd, 68-year-old (L.58); an agnostic (L.67) Dudley Field Malone: handsome and magnetic; a Catholic (L.61) Arthur Garfield Hays: quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law; a Jew Others A dozen distinguished professors and scientists led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University ready to testify on John Scopes behalf. But the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.,Para 11-12,The counsel for the prosecution:,Educational background/ Religious background/Racial background: William Jennings Bryan: the silver-tongued orator, three times Democratic nominee for President of the U.S., leader of the fundamentalist movement; ageing, paunchy Tom Stewart: Bryans son, a lawyer, Tennessees brilliant young attorney-general Other characters: John Raulston: the presiding judge, a florid-faced man who announced : “Im jist a reglar mountaineer jedge.” Asked a local minister to open the session with a prayer Butler: A 49-year-old farmer, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law, before his election had never been out of his native county. 12 Jurors: 3 had never read any book except the Bible. One couldnt read.,Para 11-12,Para 13-15,Darrows Speech “My friend the attorney-general says He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination.” Today it is the teachers,” he continued,” and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.” “That damned infidel,” a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address. bigotperson who holds strong beliefs and opinions, and is intolerant of anyone who disagrees. Bigotry (behavior or attitude of a bigot) fagotbundle of sticks, twigs, or branches (esp. for the use of fuel) ( irony; irony; irony; assonance; oxymoron) What was Darrows point? What was the audiences response?,Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases 半谐音， Its a fair and square affair from the beginning to the end A little pot is soon hot And murmuring of innumerable bees- Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Princess VII.203 the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven“ Oxymoron：a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms Cruel to be kind/ Guns n Roses/ Abundant poverty/ old news “Hegel was right when he said that we learn from history that man can never learn anything from history.“ - George Bernard Shaw. “I can resist anything, except temptation.“ - Oscar Wilde. “Simplicity is not a simple thing.“ - Charles Chaplin. “Always and never are two words you should always remember never to use.“ - Wendell Johnson.,Para 13-15,Para 18-20,Bryans Speech “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.” The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence. “The Bible,” he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, “is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.,Para 21-23,As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applause and shouts of “Amen”. Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. What is the spectators response?,Dudley Field Malones speech “Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the bible,” he observed. “There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics. ” - what is his point? He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. “There is never a duel with the truth,” he roared. “The truth always wins and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it!” Response of the audience: Momentary hush, storm of applause, surpass Won the duel,rampant: widespread and impossible to control A city of rampant violence 暴力活动失去控制的城市 Rich soil makes some plants too rampant. Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory. enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge. 启蒙，启发 e.g. the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century 启蒙 时代 Peter thought that the world was flat until I enlightened him. 在我开导他之前，Peter认为地球是平的。 enlightened opinions 开明的观点,reconcilewith: 1) settle (a quarrel), become friendly again after a quarrel or disagreement 使和解, e.g. He never believed that he and Susan would be reconciled. My attempt to reconcile him with Toby failed. 2) reconcile oneself to an unpleasant situation: to accept it although it does not make you happy to do so. 使甘心于, 使能适应 e.g. She had reconciled herself to never seeing him again. He couldnt easily be reconciled to the prospect of a falling income. 3) to reconcile two beliefs, facts, or demands: try to find a way in which both can be true or fulfilled. e.g. Its difficult to reconcile the demands of my job and the desire to be a good father. 4) to make compatible with 使一致 The two sets of figures cant be reconciled. It is difficult to reconcile peoples statements with their actions. The friends managed to bring about a reconciliation between the couples. He informed his rival that he wished reconciliation.,Gone was the fierce fervour 童年时期那无忧无虑的日子一去不复返了. Gone are the care-free days of our childhood. 他一呼百应的美好时光一去不复返了. Gone is the good time when everybody was at his command. fervour: passion, zeal, enthusiasm, intense heat speak with great fervour fervent: showing strong and warm feelings, hot, passionate a fervent love / hatred a fervent lover / admirer (痴心的倾慕者） scorch: to burn , discolor, damage the surface of sth by superficial burning(烧焦). The hot iron scorched the tablecloth. The meat was black and scorched on the outside but still raw inside. The hot weather scorched the grass. (使枯萎) Scorching heat; Scorching hot;,Outside the court while adjourning,Daytons streets swarming with strangers : DARWIN IS RIGHT INSIDE. (This was J.R.Darwins Everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. “The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes,” a reporter noted, “afraid it might be true.” H.L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches there was talk.,Para 26-28,Paras 29-44: the climax and verdict of the trial,Para. 29: play trump card (para 31)suspiciously Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sward to repel his enemies. (para 32) Under Darrows quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent “Amens”. (para 35) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. (para 39) The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger. (para 40) “Your honour,” he said. “I will answer all Mr. Darrows questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him” (para 42) The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned court until next day. (para 43) Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrows hand.,stride: quick, long steps, v., n., e.g. He turned abruptly and strode off the corridor. He walked with long strides. The country has made enormous strides politically but not economically. punctuate: to interrupt at intervals e.g. The silence of the night was punctuated by the distant rumble of traffic. He punctuated his solemn remarks with a few well-chosen jokes. He did not bother to punctuate the telegraph message. repel: to drive back; repulse; feel sick about e.g. to repel an attack You should try to repel the thought of committing suicide. Her untidy appearance repelled me. His long, rough beard repels children. Slur: Any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someones reputation; reproach, stigma, etc.诽谤， 诋毁，破坏名誉， e.g. Dont slur my brothers reputation. The neighbors talked about each other with ugly slurs. The rumors cast a slur upon my good name.,Part III(45-48) The Post-Trial Happenings,What happened to the protagonists in the story? Para.44 the verdict was guilty Para. 45 my conviction victorious defeat The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.,hail : a. to salute, greet with enthusiastic approval The crowd hailed the victor. The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes. b. To praise