初中常见相似词语辨析之二.doc

初中常见相似词语辨析之二（四）China，china 这两个词都是名词，读音相同，但意义有别。China（首字母大写）是“中国”，指 the Peoples Republic of China；china（首字母小写）是“瓷器”，尤指优质瓷器。例：This car is made in China这辆汽车是中国制造的。She laid out a small tray with the best china on the table她把盛着上等瓷具的小托盆放在桌上。有趣的是，类似区别的现象不但出现于单词中，也见诸于短语里。如： in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums。前者的意思是“在Doldrums海域里”。Doldrums位于非洲海岸大西洋内，是个热带无风带。该海域的特点为，当大西洋其他地区刮大风时，海浪滔天，而the Doldrums 海面依旧平静如常，后来人们由此而引伸出另一个意义，当他们感到“意志消沉”、“毫无生气”或“闷闷不乐”时，就用 to be in the doldrums这个短语来表示。现在请对比 in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums在下列句中的不同涵义：Our ocean liner is now sailing in the Doldrums我们的轮船现在正在Doldrums海域航行。Recently，trade appeared to be in the doldrums近来商业一片萧条。You look as though you were in the doldrumsCheer up！看来你的意志颇消沉，振作点吧！（五）clean和clear这两个词都可用作形容词、动词或副词，意义相近，故易混淆。Clean的本义是“清洁干净”，强调没有尘污，其反义词是dirty；clear的本义是“不模糊”、“不难解”，即：“清晰”、“明白”故前者的同义词是neat和tidy；后者的同义词是obvious和apparent。例：Everything is spotlessly clean in their room他们的房间里样样东西都是一尘不染。It is essential that we keep the city clean and green重要的是我们应保持城市整洁和绿化。Her pronunciation is clear and her words are understandable她的发音清晰，话也易懂。Do I make myself clear on this point？关于这一点我说清楚了吗？Clean作动词用时义为“清洁/使清洁”；clear作动词时，义为“清除”或“转晴”，作副词时，义：“清楚地”、“完全地”。例：The rubbish must be cleared away一定要把这些垃圾清除掉。It will clear up in no time天气即将放晴。A bullet went clear through the stone wall有一颗子弹完全穿过了石墙。如所周知，clear的另一副词是clearly，但在下列语句中，应用副词clear，而不用clearly：ten feet clear足足有十英呎They cried clear through the night他们整整哭了一个晚上。It vanished clear away（=clean away）它完全消失不见了。He spoke loud and clear他讲得既响亮，又清楚。值得注意的是，如果clear之前用另一副词very或quite，就必须将clear改为clearly，即：He spoke very（or quite）clearly（六）clean，cleanse 用作动词时，clean很易和另一动词cleanse混淆不清。Clean的意思是“使洁净”、“把去垢”（to make clean by washing，dusting，sweeping or brushing）。如：to clean a dress，room，hand，shoe，watch等。例：Please clean your shoes请把鞋刷干净。He cleaned the floor with water他用水冲洗地板。I have got my watch cleaned in a watchshop我的表已在一家钟表店清洁过了。Cleanse的意思是“清洗干净”，“使纯洁”（to make thoroughly clean or make pure）。为此，cleanse含有“彻底洗清”之意味，语义比clean强得多。clean和cleanse的另一区别是前者为一般用语；后者是正式的（formal）或古旧的用语，有时它还能用于比喻意义，例如to cleanse ones soul洗涤心灵；to cleanse the heart of sin 洗心革面；ethnic cleansing种族清洗/灭绝。下面请看例句：We have cleansed the garden of weeds我们已把花园里的杂草清除干净。She bought some detergent and antiseptic from a dyeing and cleansing store她从一家洗染商店买了洗洁精和消毒剂。You must cleanse your heart and soul你必须洗心革面，重新做人。Cleansed of guilt by atonement，he felt light of heart again通过赎罪的方式洗清他的罪行后，他的心变得再次安乐。That tribe is facing ethnic cleansing那部落正面临种族灭绝的厄运。请注意，cleanser是